What The Molecules In The Atmosphere Tell Us About It And The GHGT
The atmosphere is held to the surface of the Earth by gravity and the greater the mass of a molecule, the greater the attraction between it and the center of the Earth. More massive gas molecules should be lower it the atmosphere than molecules with less mass. This is shown by the top layer of the atmosphere being composed of helium and hydrogen atoms.
It is energy that determines the volume of gases and the atmosphere. At 0 Kelvin all the gases in the atmosphere would be solids on the surface. As energy is added various compounds convert into gases and create the atmosphere and then, as more energy is added, the volume of these gases increase, expanding the atmosphere. When energy is removed from the gases the volume decreases even though the number of gas molecules remains constant.
Gas molecules in the atmosphere are not falling and gaining energy because of gravity, they are descending as they lose energy. While the temperature on the Earth is above boiling point of argon, oxygen, and nitrogen but belo0w the boiling point of water the number of molecules in it will remain fairly constant. The variance in number of molecules will be a result of a change in energy and the creation of new molecules from the atoms of old molecules.
With a loss of energy two ozone molecules will convert to three oxygen molecules or with a gain of energy three oxygen molecules will become two ozone molecules.
By looking at what molecules occur at what altitudes we can determine the energy present at that altitude. It must be understood that at high altitudes, unlike the troposphere, there are very few molecules so there are few collisions between them. This results in the primary transfer of energy at altitudes above the troposphere being by the slow process of absorption and radiation of energy rather than convection.
The radiated energy coming to the Earth from the sun is what creates the strength of the energy field the surrounding molecules in the atmosphere and transfers energy to them. The energy field will lose energy both as it transfers energy to matter and as the distance from the sun increases. In the upper atmosphere this energy coming from the sun is strong enough to split gas molecules into atoms when the vibration of the atoms in the molecules exceeds the strength of the bond forming molecules.
All matter absorbs radiate energy and all matter with energy will radiate energy. What energy an object absorbs depends on the length of the bonds it contains. The bonds between atoms in the oxygen and nitrogen molecules are too short to absorb visible and infrared light. These wavelengths are absorbed by matter on the surface of the Earth. Theoxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere are absorbing energy from the ultraviolet spectrum of radiated energy while the longer wavelengths are transmitted through them. (Gas molecules, including CO2, do not reflect electromagnetic waves.)
When equalization is achieved the energy lost by a molecule will equal the energy gained. As the nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere absorb radiation coming from one direction it will radiate energy in all directions, which means the vibration of atoms across the bond forming the molecules will produce wavelengths that are longer than the wavelengths absorbed. This is why the sky appears blue (actually violet), the molecules are converting invisible ultraviolet light into short waves of visible light.
Some maintain that the blue sky is a result of particles scattering light. If this were the case than as water droplets formed around those particles and rain removed those particles from the atmosphere the blue color would disappear and the sky would have no color.
The emission of violet light is not the primary way that the gas molecules lose the energy being absorbed from the sun. The energy also produces motion in the gas molecules and this motion of the molecule creates a disturbance in the surrounding energy field, causing the absorbed energy to primarily be radiated as infrared radiation.
The energy that creates bonds between atoms forming molecules comes from the energy being absorbed by the atoms and radiated in all directions by the atoms. As the distance between atoms and molecules change the attractive forces between them also changes, so even when the energy field around the matter in the atmosphere becomes less than the bond strength between atoms, molecules will not form immediately.
Only when the distance between the components of the molecules decreases to a point where the attractive force becomes stronger than the kinetic energy keeping them apart will larger forms of matter be created. As the energy field coming from the sun changes and the kinetic energy of the matter in it also change resulting in different types of molecules at different altitudes.
This will produce different layers in the atmosphere. These layers are not distinct or composed of one type of molecules but continue to gradually change composition as the strength of the
energy field changes. Since oxygen and nitrogen are common in most levels of the atmosphere (the percentage of nitrogen decreases above 100km) it is compounds of these elements we will look at to determine the strength of the energy field around them.
With molecular weights of 32 and 28 these two elements are able to over come gravity and rise to higher altitudes while CO2 (48), argon (40), and water (18) are confined to the troposphere. (we will discuss water later.)
Picture the atmosphere as a blue (nitrogen) canvas being over coated by red (oxygen) paint. At the top of the canvas there is a solid area of red (Helium and hydrogen have no color) which then becomes different shades of purple in lower areas of the canvas until it becomes a blue canvas with red splotches on it.
The top layer of the atmosphere contains gases with little mass (hydrogen and helium) and a lot of energy absorbed from the x-rays and gamma rays emitted by the sun. The next layer contains helium and oxygen atoms (also absorbing x-rays and gamma rays). Oxygen atoms are very reactive and would combine to form oxygen molecules if they could. This means the energy at this altitude must exceed the bond energy between the atoms.
It takes 16,000 joules/gram to break the double bond that holds oxygen molecule together, so we know that the energy field at this altitude (over 120 km) is great enough that the oxygen atoms cannot lose energy by radiation and convert back to oxygen molecules. Below this layer the gas molecules consist of combinations of nitrogen (the percentage on nitrogen in the atmosphere increases until the 80 percent nitrogen, 20 percent oxygen is established at an altitude of 100 km) and oxygen.
This is a result of the strength of the energy field decreasing and only being able to partially break the bonds holding the nitrogen molecule together (it takes 34,000/joules/gram to separate the triple bond of nitrogen molecules (N2) into atoms) but still strong enough to split oxygen molecules (12,000 joules/gram) into atoms
Nitrogen gas has a triple bond holding the atoms together. In order to break one of these bonds the energy must be over 6, 000 joules/grams, while to split two of three bonds it requires 15,000 joules/gram. The more bonds there are between the atoms in a molecule, the stronger the bond and the shorter the distance between the atoms.
At the top layer of the nitrogen-oxygen molecules two bonds of the nitrogen would be split and be able to combine with free oxygen atoms to form N2O2. Below this altitude, where the energy field was less than 15,000 joules/gram only one bond in the nitrogen molecule is broken and a oxygen atom can combine with a nitrogen molecule to form N2O molecules.
As the strength of the energy fields and molecules in the atmosphere decreases, the density of the molecules increases which means that there would be an increase in the frequency of collisions between molecules and convection, as a means of energy transfer, becomes more common while the loss of energy by radiation decreases. There comes a point where the energy level becomes too low (<6,000 joules/gram) to break any nitrogen-nitrogen bonds but is still strong enough to split one of the bonds (4,500 joules/gram) of the oxygen molecule.
At this altitude when a collision occurs between two molecules enough energy can be transferred to a partially split oxygen molecule to separate it into atoms. These atoms can then combine with other partially split oxygen molecules to form ozone. The reason that ozone molecules are so scarce (10ppm) in the ozone layer is because these collisions are so infrequent due to the density of
the atmosphere.
Oxygen has two bonds that combine with other atoms. This means in an ozone molecule there would be one bond going from each oxygen atom to each of the other oxygen atoms(resulting in a triangle shape). An oxygen molecule with two atoms would have a shorter, stronger, straight bond between the two atoms. The triangle shape of ozone would result in longer bonds between the atoms and a stressed angle in the molecule, making ozone a less stable molecule.This is why, when an ozone molecule is able lose energy, it will spontaneously convert to an oxygen molecule and a free oxygen atom. At higher altitudes, where the surrounding energy field is stronger, the ozone molecule is more stable because there is less energy difference between the energy in the molecule and the energy in the surrounding field, so it takes longer for the ozone molecule to lose energy and convert to an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom.
The contention that CFC s with a molecular weight of over 100 and very strong bond energies could escape the troposphere when argon (40) cannot and then have those stronger bonds between carbon and chlorine and fluorine break (CFC is used as a fire extinguisher) to destroy ozone in the stratosphere is stupid and a scam perpetrated by Dupount. It is a natural phenomena caused by the creation and decay of ozone molecules due to the amount of uv energy coming from the sun.
The reason water (H2O) exists almost exclusively (99.9 percent) in the troposphere, even though it has a molecular weight (18) less than oxygen and nitrogen gases, is because in the troposphere it cannot become a gas below its boiling point (100 C + 540 calories/gram)(James McGinn). As liquid water absorbs heat, it forms internal bonds with that energy. When it reaches its boiling temperature it must absorb another 540 calories/gram to then break those bonds in order to become a gas.
The structures being formed in the water when it absorbs heat are liquid crystals and like all liquid crystals they have two melt points, 0C + 80 calories/gram and 100 C + X calories/gram.
The state of matter changes on cooling from a gas to a liquid to a solid. When water comes out of a tea kettle it first appears as a clear gas. On cooling, or losing energy, it then becomes visible droplets of liquid water, but with further cooling it again becomes invisible. If this were due to it becoming a gas it would need to be absorbing 540 calories/gram instead of cooling.
Instead of becoming a gas it is now forming a solid of nano liquid crystals too small to see. These nano crystals have a negatively charged shell (formed as infrared energy creates hydroxyl ions (OH-) which combines with other water molecules to form the crystal). As more infrared energy is absorbed the shell grows thicker and the negative charge increases. (See Dr. Gerald Pollack’s book for experimental evidence) It is this increasing negative charge that causes the liquid crystals to rise in the atmosphere as evaporation. As the water crystals are entering stronger energy fields and gaining energy, they eventually reach their second melt point and convert into liquid water.
This second melt point happens before they can gain enough energy to become a gas and the liquid water falls as rain to the surface of the Earth. (Even though the temperature in most of the troposphere is thought to be below the freezing point of water we do not see condensation into dew or ice but clouds composed of water droplets until high in the troposphere.) The nano liquid crystals produced by evaporation have a molecular weight greater than 40 and never escape the troposphere as a gas with a molecular weight of 18.
Water is not a ‘Green House Gas’ keeping the Earth warm but a liquid/solid that is cooling the surface of the Earth by transporting heat from the Earth’s surface to the top of the troposphere, where it is transferred into space. Water is continually cooling the surface of the Earth as plants pump underground water into the air during photosynthesis and surface water evaporates.
The energy of the molecules in the atmosphere shows that the Green House Gas theory is completely wrong and violates the basic laws of physics.
They also show that Meteorology, by believing that a thermometer measures the kinetic energy of molecules has no concept of the flow of energy on the Earth. The thermometer and barometer are two instruments used by meteorologists but they have no idea of what the readings of these instruments mean. The two instruments have similar designs with the difference being that in a thermometer the reservoir of measuring liquid is totally enclosed while in a barometer it is exposed to the atmosphere. They are both absorbing energy from the air molecules striking them but in a thermometer all expansion of the measuring liquid occurs in the evacuated tube while in a barometer it also occurs in the reservoir.
Why would that thin layer of glass enclosing the measuringliquid convert the units coming from the air molecules from mass per unit area to mass time velocity squared? The thermometer was designed to measure the flow of energy from one medium to another. In a gas all of the measuring liquid is exposed to one medium and all it is measuring is the expansion property of the liquid. In a gas, like the atmosphere, as energy is added to the gas molecules the gas expands and fewer molecules are transferring energy to the measuring liquid, so there are now two variable creating the reading. The thermometer is measuring the momentum (mass times velocity) being transferred to it. So is a lower reading a result of the gas molecules having less energy or because there is less mass striking the liquid?
To get the kinetic energy of molecules in the atmosphere you must take the reading of the thermometer at an altitude and divide it by the density of the air at that altitude. By doing this you convert the reading from energy per volume to energy per a constant number of molecules. When this is done it shows that the kinetic energy of molecules is increasing at a steady rate in the troposphere (where water is absorbing energy) and exponentially at higher altitudes.
The barometer is thought to measure the pressure, or weight of gas molecules per unit area, of the atmosphere. A high pressure area is a warm, calm air mass while a low pressure area is a cool, unstable air mass. Why would the fewer molecules per unit volume in the warm air mass weigh more than the more numerous molecules per unit volume in the denser cool air mass? They are the same type of molecules. How can the mass of separated objects add together? A plane flying overhead does not increase the barometer’s reading.
Today meteorology and climatology are not sciences because they have no understanding of cause and effect. They are a study of history and when they see certain patterns repeating they then guess that these patterns will again produce the same results. In order for them to become sciences the people working in the fields must put the evidence they can see ahead of the wishes of those providing funding, otherwise they will just remain propagandists trying to look like scientists.
To continue to promote the green house gas theory, even though it contains absolutely no science and even its author, Svvanti Arrhenius, conceded that it was wrong, is to lose what little credibility these “sciences” have.
The ultraviolet light heating the atmosphere comes from solar flares while the visible light heating the surface of the Earth comes from the sun’s surface. The energy being absorbed by the surface changes little but the solar flares have a 22 year cycle. These cycles are caused by magnetic fields on the sun and sometimes these magnetic fields combine to form more and larger flares, and sometimes they cancel each other out resulting in fewer smaller flares.
We have entered a Grand Solar Minimum where the number and size of the solar flares will be diminished for a long time and the Earth, receiving less energy from the atmosphere, will grow cold. It will become very difficult for pretend scientists to convince people who are freezing, because the windmills and solar panels aren’t working, and are starving because of crop failures, to worry about the Earth becoming warmer.
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Alan
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Every area of modern life touched by “science” is just the same. The experts have created mathematical models that have replaced reality and as a result they are churning out nonsense. Recently, I saw a prediction of excess deaths in 2021 from a model, ignoring the actual data which was completely different.
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Egil E.
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First of all: Great article! – I have a question, though: Of the fundamental forces, electromagnetism (EM) is by far the strongest and has the longest reach. I think EM is 10 ^39 times stronger than gravity. Still, you say it is gravitation together with the energy of the different molecules that holds the atmosphere to our planet. What about electromagnetism; doesn’t it have any role in keeping our atmosphere in place?
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Herb Rose
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Hi Egil,
Thanks.
Electromagnetic force is actually two force that interact. Matter (electrons and protons) produces the electric force. Energy produces an attractive (gravity and magnetic (a directional attractive force) force.
They behave in opposite fashions. The force between two opposite poles/charges will result in an increase in the radiated magnetic field (larger magnet) but a decrease in the radiated electric fields (neutron). The force between two similar poles/charges results in a smaller magnetic field but a larger electric field. It is this interaction that that creates the universe.
The radiated energy field of the Earth (gravity) holds the atmosphere down. It is the kinetic energy of molecules and atoms that causes them to become gases and expand against the gravity becoming an atmosphere. If the temperature was absolute zero the molecules would have no kinetic energy and would be part of the Earth’s surface.
It is the energy force that seperates electrons from protons creating atoms and if there were no energy force, atoms would become clumps of neutrons. When neutrons are created, as protons and electrons combine, they give off energy (exothermic) and yet, when not in the nucleus, they spontaneous split into a proton, electron, and gamma ray (also exothermic). This violation of the laws of thermodynamics is possible as the energy being absorbed by the neutron overcomes the electric force converting the neutron into a hydrogen atom.
Herb
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