Shock: No Iron, Helium Found in Solar Spectrum, So No Fusion on Sun

Written by PSI Staff on July 3, 2018. Posted in Current News

Consensus science told us nuclear fusion explains how our sun works. But the failure to detect Fe or He-II in the solar spectrum could prove a fatal wound. The shock news has re-ignited interest in the fission theory of an esteemed Indian physicist, once tipped for the Nobel Prize.

Retired Indian scientist M.A.Padmanabha Rao, PhD (AIIMS), originator of the fission theory,  submits a new paper to assist readers intrigued by this fascinating finding that is set to rewrite what we thought happened with our sun:

No evidence of Fe or He-II in solar spectrum, so no fusion on Sun

Summary

The author’s comparison of solar lines in the solar spectrum measured by solar physicists from University of Colorado, USA with the latest atomic spectral data Fe and He-II lines available from NIST, USA unfolds disagreement in terms of wavelengths and intensity. Absence of Fe and He on Sun’s core surface concludes that the ancient wisdom that fusion causing the Sunlight has no scientific evidence. In the wake of failure of the theory of fusion, ²³⁵uranium fission causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao Effect [1] need to be critically examined, whether it is a reliable and alternate to fusion.

Astrophysics showed rapid progress in the last century both in using satellites with better facilities, instruments that could successfully observe Sun’s images and other cosmic sources, their spectacular events, and could make measurements of their radiation emissions more reliable than ever before.

However, the observers faced serious limitation in proper interpretation of their own valuable data.  Time and opportunity has come to join hands with scientists from other nations, though totally strangers to their project. India has proved to be the one nation that led astrophysics to the greater heights, in the recent years. It is the result of a constant struggle by a single scientist, in an environment risky to life from 1988 to 1997 and afterwards till today.

Despite technological revolution in Astrophysics, the subject became outdated, since the modern astrophysicists rely on the theory of fusion, evolved nearly a century before by Arthur Eddington. In 1920, he thought that hydrogen forming into helium by fusion could be the cause for stellar energy. The words ‘stellar energy’ used in 1920 do not imply Sunlight phenomenon.

Fusion of hydrogen into helium fails to clearly explain the Sunlight phenomenon. In 2013, the author reported the discovery of 235^uranium fission causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao Effect [1]. The readers, who have knowledge on fission, may critically examine whether fission really causes Sunlight.

Arthur Eddington’s theory of fusion came much before the understanding the constituents of nucleus. He did not know that helium nucleus has a neutron, as it was discovered later by James Chadwick in 1932. That makes fusion unreliable and an outdated science.

Discovery of helium from Sun light

The fusion theory that became the strong foundation for the current Solar Physics seemed to have a bearing on the discovery of helium from Sunlight claimed by the French astronomer Pierre Jules Janssen and the British astronomer Joseph Norman Lockyer in 1868. Their discovery of helium in Sunlight is based on the appearance of unprecedented bright yellow line by spectroscopy using prism.

Source of helium on Earth

Helium exists on Earth in association with natural gas. William Ramsey found it in radioactive cleveite in 1895. Though helium is scarce even on Earth, our founding fathers of Astrophysics presumed that helium is abundantly available on Sun’s core surface and causes the Sunlight.

Time line of progress in Astrophysics

(a) First, on the premises that helium is abundant on Sun, fusion theory was developed ignoring the much needed neutron in the deuterium nucleus.  Therefore, the basic assumption on formation of deuterium by fusion of two protons is unacceptable in terms of the nuclear physics.

The theory of fusion deals on existence of hydrogen on Sun and fusion into helium, but is silent on the view of ‘dominant presence of iron’ on Sun’s core surface.

(b) Woods et al from University of Colorado reported both the Fe lines and He-II line in their measured solar spectrum. However, the author has reported that on comparison of solar lines with Fe lines from the recent spectral data of NIST, USA, there is no evidence on existence of Fe or He-II on Sun [2]. Highly ionized Fe atoms that cannot be ionized by simple heat but with gamma rays or X-rays were thought to be present on Sun and claimed solar lines are caused by ionized Fe atoms and He-II atoms [2].

Conclusively, definite evidence of presence of Fe and He on Sun’s core surface could not be established from the measured solar spectrum [2]. Please examine this aspect critically and see whether the author is correct.

FUSION

Protons, being like and positively charged, are rejected when they come closer to each other, so they cannot combine together to form deuterium. Conclusively, formation of deuterium from two protons is unacceptable to nuclear physics.

Please peruse the following, how fusion is taught in schools

Detailed Core Energy Description http://astro.hopkinsschools.org/course_documents/the_sun/thermonuclear_fusion/core_energy/detailed_core_energy.htm

Thermonuclear Fusion

http://astro.hopkinsschools.org/course_documents/the_sun/thermonuclear_fusion/thermonuclear_fusion.htm

Please examine another reference on fusion:

Helium Ions (He II) in the Sun’s Atmosphere

https://www.windows2universe.org/sun/spectrum/uv_helium_ions_he_ii_eit304.html

All stars are made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. Since atoms in the Sun’s atmosphere are extremely hot, they move around very, very quickly. The atoms often collide, and such collisions can knock electrons loose from an atom. Atoms with missing (or extra!) electrons are called ions. A helium (chemical element symbol He) atom that is missing one electron is called He II. Normal, neutral helium atoms that still have both electrons are called He I. Under conditions (temperatures around 60,000 to 80,000 kelvins) that exist in the Sun’s atmosphere, helium atoms are ionized to form He II ions. These ions emit extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation at a wavelength of 30.4 nm (304 Å). My comments & the questions that arise: 1.    The fusion theory fails to provide the exact step mentioned in the following that provides immense heat on Sun’s surface and the Sunlight. Simple words saying ‘some energy is released do not mean enormous heat and Sunlight. The following fusion theory is taken from internet: 1.      The theory of fusion explains, “two protons (hydrogen-1) fuse together, producing deuterium (hydrogen-2) and other particles plus energy”. 2.     Deuterium (hydrogen-2) and a proton (hydrogen-1) fuse, producing helium-3 and energy, 3.     Two helium-3 nuclei fuse together, producing helium-4, two protons (hydrogen-1), and energy, 4.      Helium-3 fuses with helium-4, producing beryllium-7, which decays and then fuses with another proton (hydrogen-1) to yield two helium-4 nuclei plus energy. The fusion theory fails to explain the solar X-ray emissions seen in Sun’s images at X-ray wave lengths [1].

No evidence on existence of Fe or He on Sun

Solar spectrum measured by Woods et al. from University of Colorado in US reproduced here claimed that the tall peaks represent Fe lines, based on outdated spectral data on Fe lines. However, on comparison of wavelengths of solar lines with the recent Fe lines measured by NIST there is NO AGREEMENT [2].

DISAGREE IN BOTH WAVELENGTH AND INTENSITY:

Wavelengths disagree between solar line 17.107 nm and Fe IX line 17.1073 nm.

(a) The wavelength of the intense solar line 17.107 nm measured long ago by Fawcett and Gabriel, emission in the middle of the spectrum in Figure 3 is not the same as 17.1073 nm (Fe IX) emission mentioned by NIST.

(b) Solar line is intense while Fe IX line is not intense.

(b) Since solar line in solar spectrum measured by Woods et al shown here is strong, corresponding Fe IX line is also expected to be having maximum among all Fe lines. NIST data reveals the relative intensity of Fe IX line does not show maximum intensity but just 120 [2]. Note that the 28.4164 nm line described latter is the most intense in Fe spectrum.

Conclusion: Inaccurate measurements made long ago by Fawcett and Gabriel considered even today, ignoring NIST data led to the misunderstanding that Sun has predominantly Fe. See https://physics.nist.gov

https://physics.nist.gov

4. Wavelengths disagree

The most intense solar 30.4 nm emission disagree with the both the He II lines 30.378040982 and 30.378581505 nm.

NIST Atomic Spectra Database Lines Data

He II: 140 Lines of Data Found
Z = 2, H isoelectronic sequence

https://physics.nist.gov

The intensity of He II lines is not given by NIST, hence it is impossible to say further.

Conclusion: On the basis of solar spectrum measured by Woods et al, there is no evidence of iron or He on Sun’s core surface.  

Measurements of Solar Spectrum are reliable, but interpretation went wrong

Solar spectrum measured by Woods et al suffers from serious limitation. The solar emission spectrum is expected to show solar emissions. X-ray emission from Sun is well documented. However, their solar spectrum does not show X-ray wavelengths at all.

Highly ionized Fe ions, not expected

The solar spectrum claims presence of highly ionized Fe ions such as Fe XVIII. Sun’s high temperatures cannot be the cause for loss of so many core electrons from Fe atom. Its emission in terms of energy, falls into the range of characteristic X-rays, say of Rb. Therefore, as number of incident X-rays or γ- rays can ionize Fe atom into Fe XVIII, this cannot be expected on Sun for various reasons.

3. Not explained the three mountain like wavelength regions

Woods et al did not explain the three mountain like wavelengths that are left without identification, until they were identified for the first time by the author in 2013 [2].

All these viewpoints thus question the validity of thermal excitation causing the solar optical spectrum as has been believed so far.

QUESTION ON THE VERY EXISTENCE OF HYDROGEN ON SUN’S CORE SURFACE

Astrophysicists firmly believe that hydrogen on Sun’s surface fuses into helium by fusion reaction. The most intense line in solar spectrum measured by Woods et al shown here is believed to be due to Helium II. If true, Hydrogen also should be present in abundance on Sun’s surface. If really exists, hydrogen line should be present in solar spectrum [2]. Against expectation, hydrogen line is ABSENT! Then how can we say Sun has abundant hydrogen that gets fused into Helium? The theory of fusion does not explain the source of hydrogen on Sun.

Which one among fusion and fission causes the Sunlight?

The author has reported the experimentally discovery of visible light emission dominant in UV (80 {154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} in gross intensity) from radioisotopes in 2010 (Ref. 3). Sun also is known to emit mostly UV around 83{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}. These laboratory findings hinted that radioisotopes may be present on Sun’s core surface. However, this is not a definite evidence to say presence of radioisotopes on Sun.

Bharat Radiation

Concrete evidence has come from the discovery of Bharat Radiation wave lengths in solar spectrum in 2013 (2). In the paper published in 2010, the author has predicted that gamma, beta and X-ray energies would first generate Bharat Radiation within the same excited atom in order to explain UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes and XRF (X-ray fluorescent) sources by an unprecedented atomic phenomenon [3]. In turn, Bharat Radiation is expected to produce the experimentally detected UV dominant optical emission by valence excitation. The author has shown that both radioisotopes and Sun emit a NEW CLASS OF ATOMIC SPECTRA OF SOLIDS NOTABLY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE generated by Bharat Radiation. Therefore, solar spectrum is NOT THE FAMILIAR THERMALLY EXCITED ATOMIC SPECTRUM. Hence Woods spectrum is not the right one [2].

In 2013, the author discovered the evidence on existence of Bharat Radiation wavelengths from 12.87 to 31 nm from the solar spectrum measured by Woods et al from University of Colorado. They are of energy higher than that of EUV at eV level.

235^Uranium fission causing Sunlight

Since radioisotopes emit Bharat radiation, its wavelengths found in solar spectrum held the key evidence for presence of radioisotopes on Sun’s core surface. That means presence of fission products (radioisotopes) on Sun could be the possibility. On this basis, 153 solar lines could be explained for the first time with unprecedented details [1]. Each solar line is shown to have caused by specific gamma, beta or X-ray energy of a fission product.

References

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol4-issue2/B0420624.pdf

1. A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Sun’s Bharat Radiation emission causing Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and UV dominant optical radiation, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 56¬60, http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol3-issue2/H0325660.pdf

• M.A.Padmanabha Rao, UV dominant optical emission newly detected from radioisotopes and XRF sources, Braz. J. Phy., 40, no 1, 2010, 38-46.

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-97332010000100007.
DETAILS OF THESE SIX FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS DISCOVERIES

Bharat radiation and UV dominant optical radiation emissions discovered from radioisotopes and XRF (X-ray fluorescent) sources,

Discovery, Volume 4, Number 10, April 2013    www.discoveryjournals.org/discovery/current_issue/v4/n10/A2.pdf

Further references:

1. Producing helium from natural gas

http://www.gazprominfo.com/articles/helium/

2.                 JOHN WORDEN, ¹ THOMAS N. WOODS, ² WERNER M. NEUPERT, ³ AND JEAN-PIERRE DELABOUDINIÈRE ⁴, THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 511:965975, 1999 February 1.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/306693/fulltext/

The bright He II 30.4 nm solar emission is an important energy source for

ionization and heating of the Earth’s upper atmosphere.

3.                 We are Stardust: Supernovas and the Heavy Elements

                            Posted March 31, 2011 by Lensyl Urbano

http://montessorimuddle.org/2011/03/31/we-are-stardust-supernovas-and-the-heavy-elements/

Fusion of two hydrogen atoms to create helium, compared the chemical bonding of hydrogen atoms to produce hydrogen gas (H₂). The nutrons are left out for clarity.

Brief Profile of M.A. Padmanabha Rao, PhD (AIIMS)  
 Born to parents Manchiraju Veerraju and Durgamba on 19
Sept 1937 at Vemuluru Village, Kovvuru mandalam, Andhra
Pradesh.
 PhD (AIIMS) from All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New
Delhi in 1975.
 Worked as Lecturer of Medical Physics at All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi from 1964 to 1983.
 Then joined Defence Laboratory as Sc.D in 1983 and retired as
Sc E & Head of Radiation Safety group until his retirement in
1997.
 Professor of Medical Physics at Himalayan Institute of Medical
Sciences, Jollygrant, (Rama Nagar),Uttaranchal, in 2001.
INTERNATIONAL HONOR:
While working at AIIMS, invited as Assembly Member to led
Indian team of scientist and doctors to World Federation of
Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Tokyo, 1974.
Notable academic achievements are:
Experimental work at Defence laboratory, Jodhpur during 1988 to 1997 was published 13 years later in Brazilian Journal of Physics in March 2010 that claimed six fundamental physics discoveries, including the discovery of Bharat Radiation emission from radioisotopes and XRF (X-ray fluorescent) sources. Three more papers were published in 2013, and two more in 2015 claiming total of ten fundamental physics discoveries.
M.A. Padmanabha Rao’s World Records in Science:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Padmanabha_Rao2
Ten Fundamental Discoveries in Nuclear Physics, X-ray Physics, Atomic Spectroscopy, Solar Physics, Special Theory of Relativity, and Planetary Temperature reported in 2010, 2013 and 2015 in six research papers.
BHARAT RADIATION WAS PREDICTED FOR NOBEL PRIZE IN 2008: In 2008, Slashdot poll, a Swedish news network has predicted Bharat Radiation as one of the possible candidates for Nobel Prize.
http://science.slashdot.org/poll/1651/which-discovery-deserves-the-nobel-prize-for-physics-this-year
Address:
Dr.M.A.Padmanabha Rao, 114 Charak sadan, Vikas Puri, New Delhi 110018
[email protected], Mob: 8383825008, 9871257964.

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