How Dinosaurs Evolved Beaks to become Birds

Written by Michael J. Benton

    

dinosaur bird
An artist’s impression of the evolution of birds from dinosaurs.Jason Brougham

Once you realise that many dinosaurs had feathers, it seems much more obvious that they probably evolved into birds. But there’s still a big question. How did a set of dinosaurian jaws with abundant teeth (think T. rex) turn into the toothless jaws of modern birds, covered by a beak? Two things had to happen in this transition: suppression of the teeth and growth of the beak. Now new fossil evidence has shown how it happened.

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This Year’s Atlantic Hurricanes In Perspective

Written by Paul Homewood

The recent spate of hurricanes has inevitably attracted attention and spawned wildly inaccurate headlines, such as “a 1000 year event”, “the most powerful Atlantic storm on record”, “storm of the century”, and even “most deadly storm in history”.

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Europe plans Carbon Dioxide Measuring satellite

Written by Jonathan Amos

S5PImage copyright: AIRBUS DS/MAX ALEXANDER
Image captionS: entinel-5P will launch in mid-October to monitor air quality around the globe

Europe has begun the process of scoping an expansion to its Sentinel Earth observation network. Six new satellite concepts will be studied, including a constellation of spacecraft that can monitor emissions of carbon dioxide.

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Antarctic ozone depletion due to Erebus volcano gas emissions

Written by Zuev, Zueva, Savelieva & Gerasimov

New Antarctic study shows  hydrogen chloride and sulphur dioxide emitted by Erebus volcano are a significant factor in ozone depletion.  Erebus volcanic gases reach the ozone layer via cyclones and the polar vortex.  High Erebus volcanic activity in the early 1980s resulted in the ozone hole area increase.

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Computers to Beat You in an Argument

Written by Professor Chris Reed

Speech bubbles coming out of computerImage copyright: GETTY IMAGES

Humans are used to being outdone by computers when it comes to recalling facts, but they still have the upper hand in an argument. For now. It has long been the case that machines can beat us in games of strategy like chess.

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