EPA Rebuttal:Man-made CO2 Global Warming is a Fraud

Written by Robert Ashworth PE on October 14, 2013. Posted in Current News

CFC Destruction of Ozone was the Real Cause

Introduction

Here is an excerpt¹ from a paper written by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) meteorologist; “Climate models used for estimating effects of increases in greenhouse gases show substantial increases in water vapor as the globe warms and this increased moisture would further increase the warming.” However, this meteorologist along with the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) crowd got it backwards about water vapor and CO₂ — they cool the earth like all other gases in our atmosphere!

Although moisture in the atmosphere does increase with warming, this is because the higher temperature causes more water to evaporate. With every pound of water evaporated 1,000 Btu is absorbed and that causes cooling. Further, increased water in the atmosphere causes further cooling (not warming) by reflecting more of the radiant energy from the Sun that is hitting the water vapor molecules back to outer space.

Al Gore presented the climate change fraud as well in his “Inconvenient Truth”, actually a “Convenient Lie” presentation of the Vostok Ice Core data, see below.

Gore’s “Inconvenient Truth” Documentary — Cause and Effect Reversed

In this documentary, Al Gore fudged the Vostok Ice core temperature and CO₂ line graphs so it would show a CO₂ spike coming first in time, but the real graph showed just the opposite. See the data in a shorter time frame (240,000 Years Before Present rather than 420,000 Years Before Present as presented by Gore). This makes it easier to see which came first, Figure 1. 

Figure 1. Vostok, Antarctica Ice Core Data².

It is clearly seen that a global warming spike (blue line) always comes first. The spike warms the oceans, which slowly reduces the solubility of CO₂ in water that results in the liberation of CO₂ from the oceans around 800 years later (see Figure 2). Gore gave no explanation what would cause a CO₂ spike to occur in the first place, but then again he is a politician with an agenda to make him wealthy. See the most recent time of warming between the 500 year medieval warming period and the start of an increase in CO₂ in the atmosphere. One can see that CO₂ started increasing during a cooling period showing it was not controlled by the warming that started some 80 years later and it is about 800 years from the end of the medieval warming period. This is historically what happens. Dr. Michael Mann of Penn State, eliminated the Medieval Warming period, his hockey stick graph, – clearly a fabricated graph by “cherry picking” temperature data.

Figure 2. Medieval Warming Period and Little Ice Age and Carbon Dioxide³.

Man-made Emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

CO₂ emissions created by man, i.e. combustion of fuels, (called anthropogenic emissions) is miniscule compared to the emissions of CO₂ from nature? Table 1 was developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) who promote the global warming lie. This is their data. It shows annual CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere from both nature and man and how much of the CO₂ emitted is re-absorbed by nature. Using the table in combination with a total concentration of 392 ppmv of CO₂ seen in the atmosphere in December 2011, one sees that the increase in CO₂ caused by all of man’s activities amounted to only 11.5 ppmv. 

The amount of CO₂ from man is a mouse milk quantity compared to nature’s emissions. If we eliminated worldwide, all man-made CO₂ emissions, we would go back to the level we had in January 2005. It was slightly warmer (about 0.1 °C) in January 2005 than it was in January 2011.

The US EPA is regulating man-made CO₂ which is orders of magnitude beyond stupid. The man-made CO₂ being generated in the United States in 2010 that contributes to the CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere is 16.4{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of the worldwide man-made total⁴ and that calculates to be (11.5*0.164) = 1.9 ppmv. The CO₂ release from Medieval warming has caused CO₂ in the atmosphere to rise some 2 ppmv per year from 1993 to 2011⁵. So if you eliminated all man-made CO₂ from the U.S. today, next year at this time it would be the same as this year before the CO₂ emissions were stopped.

Nature absorbs 98.5{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of the CO₂ that is emitted by nature and man. As CO₂ increases in the atmosphere, nature causes plant growth to increase via photosynthesis which is an endothermic (cooling) reaction. For every pound of biomass formed some 10,000 Btu are removed from the atmosphere. CO₂ is absorbed, and oxygen is liberated. Further, a doubling of CO₂ will increase the photosynthesis rate by 30 to 100{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}, depending on temperature and available moisture⁶, see Figure 3.

Figure 3. Increased plant growth with increased CO2 concentration.

More CO₂ is absorbed by the plants due to the increased concentration of CO₂ for conversion to carbohydrates. Nature therefore has in place a built-in mechanism to regulate the CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere that will always completely dwarf man’s feeble attempts to regulate it. Further, no regulation is necessary because CO₂ is not a pollutant; it is part of the animal-plant life cycle and without it, life would not exist on earth!

A Common Sense Scientific Truth

Any mass between you and a radiant energy source will provide cooling. Stand near a fireplace that is burning and feel the warmth of the radiant energy; then have two people drape a blanket between you and the fireplace — you will feel cooler! Another example, stand outside on a sun shiny day. When a cloud goes over and shades you from the direct rays of the sun, most people feel cooler, but perhaps not the IPCC scientists. Nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and any dust that is in the atmosphere all provide cooling as well. Why is this? If there were no atmosphere, all radiant energy from the sun would hit the earth. However, with an atmosphere, a portion of the incoming sun’s rays are absorbed or reflected away from earth by striking the gaseous molecules and dust particles, so less radiant energy hits the earth and the earth is cooler because it has atmosphere, see Figure 4. 

Figure 4. Earth without and with an atmosphere.

Everyone knows that cloud cover at night (more insulation) prevents the earth from cooling off as fast as it does when there are no clouds. However, on a relatively clear night if a cloud goes overhead you cannot feel any warming effect of the cloud, so this insulating effect is shown to be very minimal compared to the daytime effect. No rocket science is required here, just common sense. If common sense isn’t good enough for you there is also scientific proof.

Proofs — Water Vapor Cools the Earth

Water vapor is considered by the IPCC pseudo-scientists to have the greatest greenhouse gas effect. If this so-called greenhouse gas actually cools the earth, so must all of the others that are put in that greenhouse gas category (carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.).

1^st Proof

Following the 9-11 terrorist attacks, the Federal Aviation Administration prohibited commercial aviation over the United States for three days following the attacks. This presented a unique opportunity to study the temperature of earth with and without jet airplane contrails.

Dr. David Travis, atmospheric scientist at the University of Wisconsin, along with two others, looked at temperatures for those three days and compared them to other days when planes were flying. They analyzed data from about 4,000 weather stations throughout the lower 48 states (U.S.) for the period 1971-2000, and compared the three-day grounding period with three days before and after the grounding period. They found that the average daily temperature range between highs and lows was 1.1°C higher during September 11-14 (see Figure 5) compared to September 8-11 and September 11-14 for other years with normal air traffic.

Figure 5. Average diurnal (daily) temperature range (DTR)⁷.

2^nd Proof

An experiment was performed by Carl Brehmer to study the effect of rising and falling levels of humidity on soil temperature and discovered that the addition of moisture to the atmosphere exerts a significant negative feedback (cooling effect).

The experiment (Figure 6) showed the same result as the analysis of the 9-11 data; on an overall basis increased humidity reduces the temperature on earth; it doesn’t warm it. The data was taken over 38 days so the first thing done was to find the 38 day mean dew point and divide the days up between those that fell above the mean — the “humid” days — and those that fell below the mean — the “arid” days. Then the data was averaged as shown on the curves on the graph below. One can readily see the hotter day time temperatures for the arid days (red line).

The Climate Change Agenda is a Complete Fraud

There is a lot of supporting evidence that indicates that the Climate Change agenda is and always has been a fraud⁹. Why is it called a fraud? An event now referred to as “Climategate” publicly began on November 19, 2009, when a whistle-blower leaked thousands of emails and documents central to a Freedom of Information request placed with the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom. This institution had played a central role in the “climate change” debate: its scientists, together with their international colleagues, quite literally put the “warming” into Global Warming: they were responsible for analyzing and collating the measurements of temperature from around the globe from the present to the distant past.

Dr. John Costello⁹ relays, “Climategate has shattered that myth (the myth of global warming).It gives us a peephole into the work of the scientists investigating possibly the most important issue ever to face mankind. Instead of seeing large collaborations of meticulous, careful, critical scientists, we instead see a small team of incompetent cowboys, abusing almost every aspect of the framework of science to build a fortress around their “old boys club”’, to prevent real scientists from seeing the shambles of their research.

Figure 6. Effect of Humidity on Soil Temperature ⁸.

Back in time, the IPCC relayed there was a greenhouse signature in the atmosphere and the temperature 8-12 km above the tropics was warmer than the ground temperature¹⁰. Actual temperature measurements refuted this. They also violated the second law of thermodynamics by saying a cooler atmosphere can warm a warmer earth. They don’t have a clue, or they think people are stupid — two bogus explanations that are easy to prove false.

Around 1990, NOAA began weeding out more than three-quarters of the climate measuring stations around the world. It can be shown that systematically and purposefully, country by country, they removed higher-latitude, higher-altitude and rural locations, all of which had a tendency to be cooler. The thermometers kept were near the tropics, the sea, and airports near bigger cities. These data were then used to determine the global average temperature and to initialize climate models. From 1960 through 1980, there were more than 6000 stations providing temperature information. The NOAA reduced these to fewer than 1500. Calculating the average temperatures this way ensured that the mean global surface temperature for each month and year would show a false-positive temperature anomaly, a bogus warming trend. Interestingly (although absent scientific credibility), the very same stations that were deleted from the world climate network were retained for computing the average-temperature base periods, further falsely increasing the bias towards earth warming.

An internal study by the U.S. EPA¹¹ completed by Dr. Alan Carlin and John Davidson concluded the IPCC was wrong about global warming. Dr. Carlin is an Environmental Protection Agency veteran who wrote a damaging report to Lisa Jackson’s EPA agenda, warning that the science behind climate change was questionable at best, and that we shouldn’t pass laws that will hurt American families and hobble the nation’s economy based on incomplete information.

One statement in his executive summary found that the crucial assumption in the Greenhouse Climate Models (GCM) used by the IPCC concerning a strong positive feedback from water vapor is not supported by empirical evidence and that the feedback is actually negative. This is exactly what is shown here, water vapor in the atmosphere causes a cooling effect (negative feedback), not a positive warming feedback.

EPA tried to bury Dr. Carlin’s report. An email from Al McGartland, Office Director of EPA’s National Center for Environmental Economics (NCEE), to Dr. Alan Carlin, Senior Operations Research Analyst at NCEE, forbade him from speaking to anyone outside NCEE on endangerment issues. In a March 17 email from McGartland to Carlin, stated that he will not forward Carlin’s study. “The time for such discussion of fundamental issues has passed for this round. The administrator (Lisa Jackson) and the administration have decided to move forward on endangerment, and your comments do not help the legal or policy case for this decision. .. I can only see one impact of your comments given where we are in the process, and that would be a very negative impact on our office.” A second email from McGartland stated “I don’t want you to spend any additional EPA time on climate change.”

McGartland’s emails demonstrate that he was rejecting Dr. Carlin’s study because his conclusions ran counter to the EPA/IPCC position. Yet this study had its basis in three prior reports by Carlin (two in 2007 and one in 2008) that were accepted. Another government cover-up, just what the United States did not need.

Most of the U.S. House of Representatives agree with the fraud assessment. ¹²On February 19, 2011 they voted to eliminate U.S. funding for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. With a vote of 244-179, they said that it no longer wishes to have the IPCC prepare its comprehensive international climate science assessments. The amendment, sponsored by Rep. Blaine Luetkemeyer (R-Missouri), said; “The IPCC scientists manipulated climate data, suppressed legitimate arguments in peer-reviewed journals, and researchers were asked to destroy emails, so that a small number of climate alarmists could continue to advance their environmental agenda”.

The organization responsible for managing a global cap-and-trade system worth billions of dollars for carbon emissions projects around the world is trying to get sweeping legal immunities for its actions, even as it plans to expand its activities in the wake of the recent United Nations’ Rio + 20 summit on sustainable development.¹³ Yes, global warming from CO₂ is a complete fraud – that is why they are seeking shelter from prosecution.

Why Was It Done?

It was all about the money. For example, Al Gore’s Generation Investment Management LLP was started in 2004 and in 2008 this announcement was made, “It will be closed to new investors, having risen close to its $5 billion target!” ¹⁴ It rose five billion dollars in 4 years! This shows that a lot of investment firms were in on the scam big time. They also hooked in nefarious pseudo-scientists who were awarded grants for their work in promoting this fraud. Sadly, much of the world runs on the tenet, “Show Me the Money!”

Only CFC Destruction of Stratospheric Ozone Caused the Earth to Warm?

A greater than normal warming did occur from 1966 until 2002 but no measurements confirm an increase in CO₂ emissions, whether anthropogenic or natural, had any effect on global temperatures. As a matter of fact, all atmospheric gases and dust in our atmosphere cools our planet, they don’t warm it^[15]. However, there is very strong evidence that anthropogenic emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were the only cause of the near recent abnormal warming. CFCs were used primarily in air conditioning units. Acting in accordance with an International Treaty called the Montreal Protocol (1987); the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated the phase-out of CFCs (R-22) through the Clean Air Act.

CFCs and other halides created both unnatural atmospheric cooling and earth warming based on these facts. CFCs destroyed ozone in the lower stratosphere-upper troposphere causing these zones in the atmosphere to cool 1.37^o C from 1966 to 1998. The ozone loss allowed more UV light to pass through the stratosphere at a sufficient rate to warm the lower troposphere plus 10″ of the earth by 0.48^o C (1966 to 1998) ^[16]. The effect of banning CFC production started having its effect around 2002. Since 2002 there has been no warming, see Figure 7.

Figure 7. Global Mean Temperature, 1901 to 2010^[17].

Stratospheric ozone was diminished by CFCs and other refrigerants-propellants released into the atmosphere. These compounds are broken down by the sun’s UV rays and release chlorine and bromine molecules that destroy the ozone. Scientists estimate that one chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules over its life in the stratosphere. With less ozone in the stratosphere, more UV rays hit earth, warming it up and increasing the risk of skin cancer. The ozone layer extends from 8 km (upper troposphere) up throughout the stratosphere. It is well known that the warming of the stratosphere is caused by the reaction of ultraviolet light with ozone. Energy is absorbed and ozone (O₃) converts to diatomic (O₂) and (O) nascent oxygen. Conversely, ozone loss decreases the amount of UV light absorbed and thus causes the stratosphere to cool and the earth to warm.

Figure 8 shows the lowest value of ozone measured by TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) each year^[18], a satellite instrument used to determine ozone levels. CFCs, chlorinated solvents, halons, methyl bromide, methyl chloride and halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the stratosphere have begun to show a slow decline after reaching a peak in the mid 1990s.

Figure 8. Antarctic ozone over time.

The growth of ozone in the stratosphere is the result of the Montreal Protocol of 1987 and later amendments. CFC production ceased in developed countries in 2000 and was stopped in underdeveloped countries in 2010^[19]. The decline is now about 1{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} per year and the ozone is also now increasing slightly in the stratosphere as shown above.

By around 2100 the ozone should be back to the levels seen in 1980. Ozone in the year 2002 was higher in the ozone hole because of unusually high temperatures in the Antarctic stratosphere (probably due to more interaction with air outside of the Antarctic region).

The global average ozone is about 300 Dobson units. Before 1980 ozone less than 200 Dobson units was rarely seen. In recent years ozone near 100 Dobson units has become normal in the ozone hole. The Dobson unit is the most common unit for measuring ozone concentration. One Dobson unit is the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at the surface of the earth at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

The legendary hypotheses of Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, and Sherwood Rowland, and led to CFCs being banned because they were destroying stratospheric ozone. Total stratospheric organic chlorine is currently over 2.5 ppbv, in 1970 it was just over 1 ppbv, see Figure 9.

One can see how the reduction in stratospheric chlorine has affected global temperature. As it stopped its rise in 1998 and started decreasing the temperature also started decreasing slightly (refer back to Figure 7).

Figure 9. Stratospheric Chlorine^[19].

Conclusions  Since 1966 it is apparent that CFC destruction of stratospheric ozone was the only mechanism that caused the earth to warm. Since 2000 when CFC production was stopped in developed countries and CFC concentration in the stratosphere stopped increasing, the earth temperature has not increased.

Recently^[20], Qing-Bin Lu of the University of Waterloo stated, “a new theoretical calculation on the greenhouse effect of halogenated gases shows that they (mainly CFCs) could alone result in the global surface temperature rise of ~0.6°C from 1970-2002. These results provide solid evidence that recent global warming was indeed caused by the greenhouse effect of anthropogenic halogenated gases”. Although there is no such thing as a greenhouse gas or a greenhouse effect, the author is still pleased that someone else has determined that CFCs and not CO2 caused the earth to warm at the end of the last century. The author discovered the CFC effect back in 2009 ^[20], Dr. Lu has been touting this for years as well but most scientists haven’t accepted it. Well, in the author’s opinion as well as Dr. Lu’s they are wrong.

So, based on real data evaluation, CO₂ causing global warming is completely contrived. The lesson to the world here is, when it comes to science; never blindly accept an explanation from a politician or scientists who have turned political for their own private gain. Many scientists, including the author, see global warming from CO₂ as a cruel global swindle to eliminate fossil fuels, so that a few, at the expense of the many, can reap huge profits from either carbon taxes and/or alternative non-green energy sources such as windmills, solar power, and hydroelectric power. Science is a search for truth — nothing else; when scientific truth is trashed (the EPA is complicit in this) for personal gain by a few influential people, the world and its average people are in very deep trouble.

References:

1. Ross, R. J., and Elliott, W.P., “Radiosonde-Based Northern Hemisphere Tropospheric Water Vapor Trends”, Journal of Climate, Vol. 14, 1602-1612, July 7, 2000.

2. Petit, J.R., et. al., “Climate and Atmospheric History of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica”, Nature 399: 429-436, June 3, 1999.

3. Solomon, S., Plattner, G. K., Knutti, R. and Friedlingstein, P. 2009. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106:1704-1709

4. CDIAC: Record High 2010 Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Combustion and Cement Manufacture. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/perlim_2009_2010_estimates.html.

5. Ashworth, R. A., “Global Warming from CO₂ – All Politics, No Science!”, see Figure 3.https://principia-scientific.com/supportnews/latest-news/138-global-warming-from-CO₂-all-politics-no-science

6. Pearch, R.W. and Bjorkman, O., “Physiological effects”, in Lemon, E.R. (ed.), CO₂ and Plants: The Response of Plants to Rising Levels of Atmospheric CO₂, (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983), pp 65-1055.

7. Travis, D., A. Carleton, and R. Lauritsen, 2002: Contrails reduce daily temperature range. Nature, 418, 601.

8. Brehmer, Carl, “The Greenhouse Effect Explored”, February 21, 2012, https://principia-scientific.com/supportnews/latest-news/143-the-greenhouse-effect-explored

9. Costella, J.P., “Climategate Analysis”, http://assassinationscience.com/climategate/

10. David Evans, “Carbon Emissions Don’t Cause Global Warming”, November 28, 2007,http://icecap.us/images/uploads/Evans-CO₂DoesNotCauseGW.pdf.

11. Carlin, A. and Davidson, J, “Proposed NCEE Comments on Draft technical Support Document for Endangerment Analysis for Greenhouse Gas Emissions under the Clean Air Act”, March 9, 2009. http://cei.org/cei_files/fm/active/0/DOC062509-004.pdf

12. http://www.cfact.org/a/1968/Rep-Blaine-Luetkemeyer-Defund-the-IPCC

13. Washington Times – “Global Climate Change Group Seeks Immunity for Actions, June 12, 2012, http://times247.com/articles/global-climate-group-seeks-legal-immunity-for-actions#ixzz1ySY2gR5D

14. New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-gore.4.10942634.html?_r=1 “Gas Molecules and Dust in the Atmosphere Cool the Earth!”, Ashworth, Jan19, 2012, http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=2500

15. “CFC Destruction Major Cause of Recent Global Warming!”, Hydrocarbon Processing articles, October and November publications, 2009.  http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=2152  

16. Global Surface Temperatures Anomalies, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Sept. 17, 2012.  http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cmb-faq/anomalies.php
    

17.  “The Ozone Hole Tour: Part II. Recent Ozone Depletion”. Centre for Atmospheric Science, Cambridge University, UK. March 28, 2011.

18. Nobel Prize in Chemistry, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, October 11, 1995. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/press.html  

19. CSIRO Atmospheric Research and Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, the Australian Antarctic Division and Australian Bureau of Meteorology http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/drs/indicator/14/index.html 

20. Qing.-Bin Lu, International Journal of Modern Physics B, “Cosmic-Ray-Driven Reaction and Greenhouse  Effect of Halogenated Molecules: Culprits for Atmospheric Ozone Depletion and Global Climate Change”, DOI: 10.1142/S0217979213500732, May 30, 2013.

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