A Challenge To The Standard Model Of Physics

Written by Herb Rose on June 6, 2025. Posted in Current News

Why is the universe three dimensional? When we observe galaxies and solar systems they appear as flat spiral disks with a central core that produces an attractive force on the objects circulating around it

The same is true of an atom with its central nucleus surrounded by a disc of orbiting electrons. (In the presence of a magnetic field an electron will take a path perpendicular to the magnetic field.)

The model of an atom with clouds of different shaped electron orbits is based on the probability of finding an electron in an area. It comes from the false premise that there is no magnetic field at the atomic level.

Since we know that atoms have magnetic properties this assumption is nonsense.

A piece of metal containing iron will produce a magnetic field from those iron atoms, when those atoms have the correct crystal structure. Depending on the alloy, you can have a super magnet or, in the case of some stainless steels, no magnetism.

Magnetism is a result of the electrons orbiting around a nucleus changing the general radiation of energy coming from the nucleus (gravity) into a directional attractive force.

Energy is a north-south motion and because electrons flow perpendicular to the magnetic fields. Matter form a perpendicular equatorial disc where the north flow of energy from the nuclei of atoms is equal to the south flow of energy creating discs of matter.

This is what we see in solar systems and galaxies.

Since the laws of physics are the same throughout the universe, regardless of apparent size, this would also be the structure of the atom. So, why if we have two forces acting perpendicularly isn’t the universe structured like a chain of atoms or flat layers of atoms instead of the spherical objects we observe?

Today’s physic recognizes four forces: gravity, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces but this is wrong. (See editor’s note below)

Radioactivity had shown that the atom was not the uniform smallest building block of matter that it was proposed to be. The strong and weak nuclear forces were created to explain the structure of the atom with a nucleus containing almost all the atom’s mass and having a positive charge surrounded by electrons with negative charges.

The repelling force between the protons in the nucleus would destroy the nucleus unless there was some counteracting force, greater than the repelling force, holding it together. This lack of expected evidence led to the creation of the nuclear forces.

A strong binding force was created to explain the nucleus but when this force was shown to be inadequate to counteract the repelling force between protons, a weak nuclear force was also created.  Since there is no observable evidence to support these forces their action was confined to the nucleus and did not continue to be radiated, unlike other observed forces.

Creating something with unique unexplained properties to explain evidence is not the same as determining the cause of the evidence and is masquerading ignorance by giving it a name then calling it knowledge. The “photon” is another example.

The strong nuclear binding force can be replaced by having a strong force attracted to the positive charge on the nucleus with that attractive force continues to be radiated as an attractive force between the positive charges of other objects.

The weak nuclear force can be eliminated by acknowledging that the nucleus also contains electrons (evidenced in beta decay) that act to bind the internal protons together. It also offers an explanation on why certain atoms are unstable and decay while others are stable.

The force of gravity was created after it was finally accepted that the Earth was not the center of the universe and there needed to be an explanation for why objects were orbiting other objects not just rotating around the Earth.

The force was given unique properties in an effort to explain the behavior of satellites, resulting in a need for a different force for every object in orbit that was specific to that object and did no interact with other satellites.

We see an eclipse of the moon when the Earth passes between the sun and moon blocking the energy coming from the sun but there is no change in the gravitational force between the sun and moon.

It takes time for light to travel from the sun to the Earth so the light striking the Earth is not the light emitted directly towards it. Gravity is instantaneous and a straight line between the masses. If the sun ere to disappear the image of it would remain for three minutes but, according to the theory of gravity, the Earth would instantly begin to travel in a straight line instead of an arc.

When Galileo first showed that gravity was not a function of mass it established physics as a separate branch of philosophy that was based on observations of reality and experimentation, not just belief.

Keppler’s Law of orbiting objects, C=dV^2, showed that energy decreases with distance from an object but did not make any connection with the masses of the objects.

The science of the day failed to recognize that energy (v^2) was a fundamental building block of the universe because of their existing belief that needed a source for this force and Newton assigned mass as the cause of motion with his law of gravity, g=GM1M2/d^2.

Mass produces a resistance to motion, inertia and if this inertial mass was equal to the mass producing motion the result would be no motion. As Galileo showed gravity has nothing to do with mass but is a result of a second fundamental component of the universe, energy, which is associated with any positive mass.

Newton knew that the planets traveled in elliptical orbits but failed to recognize that these orbits contradicted his theory.

At the apogee of an orbit a satellite will start moving closer to the central object and will gain velocity. At the perigee a satellite will begin to move further from the object and its velocity will begin to decrease.

When the distance between the objects is greatest, the attractive force is strongest while when the distance is at a minimum the attractive force is weakest. This is the exact opposite of what Newton’s Law predicts.

Energy is attracted to mass, specifically the positive charge of protons. It will radiate from the object, creating a force field, until that field reaches an equilibrium point with the energy field being radiated from another object.

An orbiting object is in equilibrium with the energy being radiated from the object it orbits. Its velocity determined that radiated energy (v^2). The interaction of objects by radiation is not with their masses but with their radiated energy force fields.

The second Law of Thermodynamics, energy flows from an object with greater energy to an object with less energy, is wrong. Energy flows from an object with greater energy per unit mass to objects with less energy per unit mass.

A small car crashing into the rear of a slower large truck will lose energy (slow) while the truck will gain energy (speed up) even if the truck has more kinetic energy (1/2mv^2). This is shown by the Law of Conservation of Energy: M1V1 + M2V2 = M1V3 + M2V4.

The attractive force of energy is stronger than the electrical force of matter and is able to separate matter into protons and electrons thus creating positive and negative electric fields, with different strengths, coming from matter. The charges of protons and electrons are equal but the distance from their origins is different creating a large negative field.

The sun “burns” from energy changing neutrons into atoms. These atoms will then  radiate electric forces of different strengths, causing the sun to radiate not only energy, that produces an attractive force between objects, but also a repelling negative electric field that repels objects.

When the sun creates the ions, that combine to form atoms, it also creates the electric force that overcomes the attractive force of energy producing the solar winds where matter is being expelled from the sun despite the attraction of gravity.

The larger elements formed in the sun have too much mass to be expelled by their electric charges and they accumulate on the sun interfering with the “burn”. When the accumulation of this ash becomes to great, the sun explodes shedding this un-reactive waste into space, where their attractive forces cause them to coalesce into planets.

Hydrogen, helium, and other atoms are the ashes of the interaction of energy and matter in the sun, not the fuel.

There is no fusion where matter is converted into energy. The radioactive decay of unstable isotopes releases energy as smaller atoms are formed. The combination of smaller atom into larger atoms releasing energy is a violation of the First Law of Thermodynamics which states energy cannot be created.

You cannot produce energy by splitting a helium atom into two deuterium atoms and then create more energy by fusing those two deuterium atoms into a helium atom.

The greater strength of the energy force compared to the electric force is shown by the decay of a neutron. A neutron, not in the nucleus, will quickly decay into a proton, an electron and emit energy in the form of a gamma ray, despite the strong electrical force holding the charges together.

When the emitted electron loses energy it will again couple with a proton to form a hydrogen atom that is now radiating both energy and electric force fields.

The Earth’s Van Allen belts are formed when the charged particles coming from the sun are blocked by the electric fields radiated from the Earth. The negative ions in the outer Van Allen belt are a result of the Earth’s larger negative radiated electric field while the positive charges of the inner Van Allen belt are from the smaller positive electric field radiated from the Earth.

It is not the magnetic field blocking the ions emitted from the sun. A magnetic field, according to the right hand rule, would deflect negative ions westward and positive ions eastward. Since the ions are ejected in all directions we would expect the density of ions to be densest at the poles, where the magnetic force is greatest instead of at the equator where the electric fields create a denser barrier.

An alpha molecule contains two electrons and four protons producing an internal electric repelling force and yet it is stable because of its tetrahedral shape, with its electrons within a shell of protons.

The greater external force of energy is unable to expel the electrons and holds the helium nucleus together forming a stable nucleus, unlike a neutron where the electron is exposed to the energy force. Neutrons within in a nucleus can be stable for billions of years while those exposed to an energy field decay within fifteen minutes.

The strong nuclear force is not a binding force but a compression force of energy while the weak nuclear force is a result of the electrons within a nucleus.

This compression force is shown by beta decay of a nucleus. If an electron is exposed on the surface of a nucleus, the stronger force of energy will expel the electron from the nucleus, despite the attractive force between the electron and the nucleus having been increased by the addition of another proton.

The addition of a proton to the nucleus not only increases the repelling force within the nucleus but also increases the compression force of energy holding the nucleus together.

The four forces have been reduced to two which are the attractive force of energy (gravity and magnetism) and the electric forces (positive and negative) from matter. These two forces have similar behavior but opposite actions.

Opposite poles of a magnet will combine to form a larger stronger radiated magnetic field. Opposite charges of matter will combine to form smaller weaker radiated electric fields (neutron). Similar poles of magnets, when forced together, will result it smaller weaker radiated magnetic fields, while when similar charges are forced together the result is a larger stronger radiated electric field.

It is the opposite action of the two forces that disrupts the radiated fields coming from the nucleus of atoms. The electrons orbiting a nucleus disrupt the attractive force of energy radiated from the nucleus creating the directional attractive force of magnetism from the general radiated attractive force, gravity, and producing the unique spectrum of light energy radiate by each element.

Light, or electromagnetic radiation, is a change in the radiated energy of an object as it gains and loses energy. These changes cause changes in the fields being radiated from neighboring objects. When energy is added to an atom it expands due to the increased repelling energy force from the nucleus thus moving the equilibrium point between it and neighboring atoms.

This shift compresses those atoms’ electron disc, increasing the repelling between the atoms. When the energy flows to other objects the increased repelling force expands the orbiting electrons creating an electromagnetic wave.

Light is a disturbance in the energy field and since energy decline with distance from its source, it can never be constant. As the strength of fields increase and decrease the speed of the disturbance changes, decreasing with increasing distance from a source (red shift) and increasing as the field strength increases when approaching a source (blue shift).

The blurring of spectral lines is the result of the disturbance travel through fields from multiple sources. Energy (v^2) causes velocity, it is not energy being a function of velocity.

The strength of the energy force is greater than the force of matter by a factor of the golden constant (PHI), 1.612…  This is shown by both the distances of orbits in the electrons in an atom and planets in a solar system.

Both the energy and matter forces decrease with distance from their source (Keppler’s Law) while the strength of the force (wave amplitude) decreases as the square of the distance, as the fields are spread over a larger area.

Since the forces of matter and energy interact perpendicular to each other one would expect the result would be a two dimensional structure, not a three dimensional one. There needs to be a third force to create a third dimension.

We see evidence of this third force in the right hand rule where a changing current in a magnetic field will produce motion perpendicular to both the electric and magnetic field.

This third force is able to convert the planes formed by the two other perpendicular forces into an arc. This third force only become evident when there is a change in the electric or magnetic force and once the electric and energy force establish equilibrium and stable fields the third force seems to disappear.

Unlike the energy and matter forces, which decline with distance and whose strength declines as a square of the distance, this third force appears to be constant with distance and have a constant strength.

If a vector with a length of one is used to represent the matter force and a vector with a length of 1.61… is used to represent the force of energy, Wisenox showed that when the vectors intersect with an angle of approximately 38 degrees the third vector connecting the two vectors would have a length of pi (3.141…). The third force is pi.

As the matter and energy force spread the third force would cause a perpendicular motion causing them to form arcs. When the energy flow, north and south, equalize strength with the constant force it would deposit the matter radiating the electric forces in an equatorial disc where the two opposite flows are equal.

As the force of energy continues to flow its strength would become less than the constant force causing the north and south energy flows to converge at poles forming a sphere.

The stronger force of pi limits the spread of the radiation of the forces of matter and energy creating a universe composed of spheres. Electromagnetic radiation can only go from one sphere to another where the spheres intersect creating areas where the electromagnetic wave is reflected back towards the source by the stronger force of pi.

This concept of the universe may cause consternation but consider the paradox posed by a three dimensional object that only has one dimension.

Header image: European Space Agency

Please note: PSI does not necessarily endorse the views of each and every article we publish. Our intention is to encourage open, honest, scientific debate.

Editor’s note: In the late 1960s physicists Abdus Salaam, Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow theorised the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism were in fact different manifestations of the same force. In 1979 they received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work, and in 1983, the Super Proton Synchrotron at Cern discovered what we now call the W and Z bosons, proving the existence of this unified force, which was christened the electroweak interaction.

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