Why Meteorology Is Not A Science
For thousands of years humans tracked the stars in the sky as they orbited around the Earth. They were able to predict where the stars would be and used this information to advance civilizations
Stars were grouped into patterns creating constellations and given names, then, by noting changes, calendars were created that allowed people to prepare for the future. This was not science but the collection and collation of data.
All the stars followed the same path but did not move in the same pattern. There were five stars that did not conform to the other stars. The Greeks called these stars planets or wanderers.
It was Copernicus who questioned why these stars moved differently and in doing so he created science from the data, distinguishing science from beliefs. He thought there had to be a cause for the odd behavior of these wanderers and this combination of reason with evidence is science.
He postulated that if the Earth and the planets were orbiting the sun the path of the wanders would be regular thus changing the center of the universe from the Earth to the sun.
The invention of the telescope confirmed that the planets were indeed different from the stars and even the stars in a constellation were not all the same, some being groups of stars. The constellations were a result of perspective not from an association.
Stars gathered in orbits around a central core creating galaxies just as planets orbited around the sun.
Galileo by noting the phases of Venus showed it was the sun that was the center of the universe not the Earth. He also developed the concept of using experiments to test if beliefs matched reality, thereby creating the science of physics.
Everyone knew that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects. By using inclined planes and spheres of different weights he showed that in reality all objects fall at the same rate.
When he demonstrated this by dropping cannon balls off the leaning tower of Pisa he was convicted of heresy and forced to confess that the devil was sitting on the smaller ball. Such is the fate of those who challenge the existing experts.
Kepler used the telescope observations by Brahe to determine that the planets travelled in elliptical orbits around the sun and the path they followed had nothing to do with their size but only the distance they were from the sun.
It was then Isaac Newton who next converted physics from being based on evidence back to being based on belief, with his law of gravity. He developed a formula that claimed the orbits of objects and the rate objects fell was a function of their mass, even though the evidence contained no mass.
Newton’s Law of Gravity. g=GM1M2/d^2, is obviously wrong to anyone who thinks about what it is saying. Contrary to Newton’s predictions the evidence shows that the attractive force between a planet and the sun is strongest at the apogee where the distance is greatest, causing the speed of the planet to increase and the distance between it and the sun to decrease.
At the perigee, where the planet is closest to the sun, the attractive force is weakest causing the planet to slow and the distance to increase.
Newton, as an expert, was believed rather than the evidence and physics has been on the wrong path ever since.
The decline of physics continued when Einstein and his beliefs next became the expert. Because the nature of light was not known, was it a wave or a particle, he gave this ignorance a name, photon, allowing it to be either depending on what was needed, ignorance was then accepted as knowledge.
That the speed of light is constant and cannot be exceeded was his next assertion based on no evidence, followed by the ridiculous contention that energy and matter are the same and finally that acceleration was the same as gravity.
All of this was nonsense but became believed because Einstein was proclaimed a genius even though all his assertions were wrong. People who can’t understand something will accept it and believe because they think the person saying it understands it instead of realizing they are talking gobbledygook.
Physics ceased being a science and became a cult where undetectable evidence could be created to support belief and the role of reason was abandoned. It became quite alright if a theory contradicted the premises it was based on.
Because of Einstein and his followers we are told to believe in unsupported nonsense. Ninety five percent of the universe is undetectable, negating the need for evidence and that reality is determined by the observer.
The movement of objects is random and not determine by the flow of energy. Experiments know when they are being watched and can change the results when observed, making them unsuitable for determining reality. Whatever is needed to sustain the fantasy can be created and will be supported by the “experts” who are invested in the foolishness.
Meteorology came about after physics had deteriorated into nonsense and so it began based on bad laws, lack of reason, and a disregard for evidence. As a result it is as primitive as the old belief in constellations, before Copernicus combined reason with evidence and Galileo demonstrated the need of evidence to distinguish reality from belief.
The tools meteorologists use to gain data have advanced remarkably since it began but the understanding of what tools are measuring and how to interpret those readings has not. The data is interpreted using erroneous beliefs instead of exploring contrary evidence to correct mistaken beliefs.
Clouds are composed of liquid water droplets even though the thermometer says since at those altitudes is well below freezing they should not be liquid. Instead of questioning the reading of the thermometer they use the excuse that the droplets are super cooled water to maintain their belief.
All the while accepting that water droplets form around impurities in a turbulent atmosphere and only pure still water can supercool. Meteorologists have no idea of the structure of water in the atmosphere and how it plays a major role in the weather. It does not behave like a gas because it is not a gas.
Today’s meteorology is the gathering of historic data and guessing that history will repeat when similar situations occur, without knowing the causes that create the data. Even though its tools are twenty first century it is still in the Stone Age and might as well be using astrology to make their predictions.
The atmosphere is a result of the kinetic energy of molecules being greater than attractive force between their matter and the Earth. At absolute zero there is no atmosphere, only layers of molecules on the surface.
Energy creates motion, matter creates inertia so as an object gains energy some of the mass becomes inertia and its weight decreases. The greater the kinetic energy of the molecules are the less the effect of gravity and the greater the size of the atmosphere.
The theory of molecules are gaining energy from gravity when falling, is stupid. The molecules are falling as a result of them losing energy. Energy produces motion, it is not motion determining energy.
A major problem for meteorology is that it doesn’t know what information its instruments are providing. The thermometer does not record the energy of the molecules in the atmosphere nor does the barometer record the weight of the molecules in the atmosphere. These are fundamental instruments for meteorology.
How can a liter of air in a warm high pressure system weigh more than a liter of air in a cold low pressure system when there are more air molecules in the cold air? Holding an object over a scale will not give the weight of the object, you must put the object on the scale.
Dropping the object on the scale will measure its momentum, not its weight.
If an object strikes the surface of the measuring liquid of a barometer at an angle, the reading will be less than its weight and if it strikes it vertically the reading will be greater than the weight. A barometer is indicating the horizontal motion of the air molecules.
A thermometer has its measuring liquid confined in a sealed container while a barometer has its measuring liquid exposed to the atmosphere. How does the material the instruments are made of change the units of the gas molecules transferring energy to the instrument from weight per unit area (pressure) to weight times distance units squared divided by time units squared (kinetic energy)?
The thermometer was designed to determine the difference in energy between two mediums. When the bulb is submerged in a liquid the measuring liquid in the thermometer will expand or contract changing the amount of liquid in the stem of the thermometer, where it is transferring energy to the other medium.
It is measuring the difference of energy in the two mediums when the flow of energy from one medium is equal to the flow of energy to the other medium. It is not measuring the kinetic energy of the molecules in a medium.
When the thermometer is misused in the atmosphere all the measuring liquid in it is exposed to a single medium so it is not measure a difference of energy but the amount of energy being transferred to it from a volume of gas. There is nowhere that it is measuring the kinetic energy of molecules.
A look at the graph of temperature recorded by a thermometer in the atmosphere shows how ridiculous this belief in a thermometer measuring the kinetic energy of molecules is. The flow of energy does not zigzag or pause it goes from higher energy to lower energy until achieving equilibrium.
There is no source of energy at the top of the stratosphere heating gas molecules in the troposphere or mesosphere.
The division of the atmosphere into layers is not accurate. It is continuous entity resulting from of the energy of the gas molecules and the attractive force being radiated from the surface of the Earth. The use of the measurements from a thermometer to create various layers is unacceptable.
If you divide the temperature readings of a thermometer at an altitude by the density of the air at that altitude, you will get a graph showing the kinetic energy of a constant number of molecules instead of a constant volume of molecules.
This graph shows the energy of the gas molecules increasing in a straight line in the troposphere, where water moderates the energy of the gas molecules, then in an exponential line at higher altitudes.
This shows the atmosphere is gaining energy from the sun, not from the Earth and the atmosphere is adding energy to the energy of the visible light being absorbed at the surface. Anyone who has been out on the ocean knows the air can get hot while the water remains cool so it is not the ocean heating the air.
The evidence supporting this increasing energy with altitude is found in the types of molecules present at different altitudes of the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is almost entirely composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon.
The argon is a result or radioactive decay and is confined to the troposphere because its molecular weight (40) makes it too heavy to reach the higher altitudes. The atmosphere above the troposphere consists almost exclusively of gasses formed from oxygen and nitrogen.
(Trace amounts of hydrogen, helium, and neon occur at the top layers but any heavy gas like CO2 (44) occurring are a result of a carbon atom or other element in the solar winds losing energy in the Earth’s energy field and combining with oxygen or nitrogen. Any CFCs found in the upper atmosphere are from satellites using them as thrusters to alter orbits.)
Atoms form molecules when atoms create covalent bonds producing a molecule that has less total energy than that of the atoms forming it. Matter tries to get rid of energy while energy is attracted to matter.
This creation of bonds changes the equilibrium point where the energy absorbed by the matter is equal to the energy it radiates. When energy is added to a molecule so that the energy exceeds the bond strength that hold the atoms together, the molecule will revert back to individual atoms.
The double bond of an oxygen molecule (O=O) will convert into a single bond oxygen molecule (O-O) when the energy exceeds 142,000 joules/mole. If the energy exceeds 495,000 joules/mole both bonds will break converting the molecule into atoms.
A nitrogen molecule has a triple bond holding the atoms together and energy of 163,000 joules/mole is needed to break one bond converting the molecule to a N=N molecule. When the energy level is above 416,000 joules/mole the second breaks forming a N-N molecule. Finally an energy level of 957,000 joules/mole is needed to break all the bonds converting the nitrogen molecule into nitrogen atoms.
All objects absorb radiated energy and all molecules with energy, radiate energy. This is a fundamental assumption of physics. Absorbed energy will cause a flexing across bonds which will create electromagnetic waves of radiated energy. The radiation of energy will create motion of the molecule which will then create longer electromagnetic waves in the surrounding energy field.
There are two ways an object can lose energy, by its radiated energy being absorbed by another object or by colliding with an object that has less energy per unit mass. Simply radiating energy does reduce the energy of the object just increases its area and decreases the density of the energy. (The size of an object is determined by the area its radiated forces have influence, not its matter.) In order to lose energy it must be transferred to another mass.
Since radiated energy decreases with distance from the source (Kepler’s 2nd Law) it will continue to flow until it encounters an energy field of equal strength being radiated from another object or the mass of the other object.
This means unless the radiated energy is greater than the energy level radiated by the other object, energy will be blocked from being transferred to the other object and the motion produced by the energy flow will find another path as it moves towards lower energy.
It is like moving to a destination and encountering objects blocking the direct path. You must alter your path to reach the destination. It is this blocking by other objects radiating energy that has led to the mistaken belief that objects move randomly when their movement is a result of the flow of energy.
The energy only flows from higher to lower so the blocking of the flow by other objects creates an energy field around the objects. This blocking the flow of energy is how insulation works.
Objects cannot equalize energy with other objects by radiation. The distance between the objects means the energy reaching the other object will lower than the energy being radiated and also what energy is absorbed or reflected is different for different objects. When objects radiate or absorb energy they equalize with the energy field they surrounding them.
The Earth will never get as hot as the sun from energy radiated by the sun, only equalize with the level of energy coming from the sun that is reaching the Earth’s matter. When a satellite’s radiated energy is strong enough to prevent the sun’s energy from reaching the matter that object’s energy field is compressed making it denser, causing it to be warmer as more molecules transfer energy to the surface.
On the dark side of the object, where there is no barrier of radiated energy coming from another object, it will be cooler as the energy being radiated by the object is free to expand towards a lower energy level.
The moon is in the same energy field radiated from the sun as the Earth but because its interior has cooled, its radiated energy field is weak. The side of the moon being lit by the sun does not block the sun’s energy field and the surface temperature reaches +250.
On the dark side, where the energy from the sun is blocked by the moon’s matter, it has a temperature of -230 from the little energy being radiated by the moon. The same is true for manmade satellites orbiting the Earth.
When objects collide there is an immediate equalization of energy between the two masses (Law of Conservation of Momentum). The object with greater energy will transfer energy to the object with less energy, regardless of their masses.
This means the 2nd law of Thermodynamics is wrong and cold objects can add energy to hotter objects. Since objects do not transfer mass in elastic collisions so the law should say, energy flows from objects with more energy per unit mass to objects with less energy per unit mass.
It also means that an object can never gain energy from collisions with objects with equal or less energy per unit mass.
When a gas molecule in the atmosphere absorbs radiated energy it will add energy to the energy field it is in. It radiates more energy into the filed causing the distance between it and other gas molecules, that are blocking its flow of radiated energy, to increase.
The gas expands and this expansion makes collisions with neighboring molecules more infrequent, so even though the molecules have more energy there is less total energy being transferred to other objects.
This is what causes a thermometer to show that it is cooler at higher altitudes, even though the energy of the gas molecules are greater, and produces the zigzag line where the stratosphere gets hotter.
The nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere are absorbing radiated energy from the sun (uv) and converting it into kinetic energy by the movement of their matter in the energy field.
The changing composition of the gas molecules in the atmosphere are evidence that there are not layers of the atmosphere but a continuous changing energy field that creates different molecules, depending on the level of the energy around them.
If a molecule is in equilibrium with the energy field around it, it cannot lose energy to other molecules by radiation, making the molecules stable. The chemical composition provides irrefutable evidence of the energy at different altitudes but the “experts” only consider evidence that supports their beliefs.
In the stratosphere when the energy radiated by the sun raises the energy of an oxygen molecule to 15,500 joules that molecule will split into two oxygen atoms. Those atoms will again try to combine to form molecules with less energy.
When the energy level around them is at a level of 142,000 joules, the oxygen atom will combine with a partially split oxygen molecules (O-O) to form ozone, O3. As long as the energy level of the field is greater than 142,000 joules the ozone molecule cannot lose energy by radiation and will be stable.
When the energy level of the field is less than 142,000 joules collisions with other oxygen molecules (O=O) will transfer energy to that oxygen molecule causing the ozone to lose energy and decompose. When this happens the free oxygen atom are unable to combine with the O=O molecules and will combine with another free oxygen atom to again form O2. In the troposphere (where the energy level is lower) ozone is unstable.
When the energy in the field being radiated by the gas molecules increases to 163,000 joules a bond of the nitrogen molecules will break (N=N) and any oxygen atoms will now be able to combine with the more numerous nitrogen molecules with double bonds to form N2O molecules.
With increasing altitude the sun’s energy increases and is distributed to fewer molecules so when the energy field reaches a level of 416,000 joules the breaking of two bonds of the nitrogen molecule (N-N) will cause N2O2 molecules to form.
Eventually the energy field level reaches 495,000 joules and the nitrogen percentage in the atmosphere drops as the atmosphere becomes composed of oxygen atoms and helium. The types of molecules in the atmosphere clearly show the atmosphere is gaining energy from the sun, not the surface of the Earth.
Feynman said, science is the belief in the ignorance of the experts and when the experts chose to ignore evidence that contradicts their beliefs they become fools, not scientist.
In order for meteorology to become a science it must understand the flow of energy in the atmosphere and what are the properties of water (molecular weight 14) in the atmosphere, which being lighter than oxygen and nitrogen, should be a gas that decomposes in the higher altitudes but is almost exclusively confined to the troposphere.
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