The Hunt For The Fabled Atomic ‘Plateau Of Stability’
Scientists have discovered a new way of creating superheavy elements by firing supercharged ion beams at dense atoms. The team believes this method could potentially help synthesize the hypothetical “element 120,” which would be heavier than any known element
If they can create this hypothetical element, its atoms could represent an “island of stability” that could revolutionize heavy-element chemistry.
There are currently 118 known elements listed on the periodic table; from Hydrogen, which has a single proton in its nucleus, all the way up to Oganesson (element 118), which was officially named in 2016 and has at least 294 subatomic particles packed into the centers of its atoms (118 protons and at least 176 neutrons).
However, researchers know that, theoretically, there should be even heftier elements in the cosmos — and they have even predicted what these elements will look like and how they’ll act.
But to find them, we either have to discover new ways to synthesize them on Earth or scour the solar system for their potential whereabouts.
The two most promising potential element candidates are element 119, tentatively named Ununennium, and element 120, aka Unbinilium. These elements are so massive that they do not fit in any of the seven rows that make up the periodic table.
If they are created, they will be added to a new eighth row on the iconic chart. However, neither has been synthesized, despite multiple attempts.
In a new study, published Oct. 21 in the journal Physical Review Letters, researchers demonstrated a new technique for creating the superheavy element Livermorium (element 116) by bombarding the isotope Plutonium-244 with extra neutrons, with vaporized ions, or charged atoms, of Titanium.
The researchers think the same technique can be used to create Unbinilium, by shooting titanium ions at isotopes of Californium (element 98), which is heavier than plutonium.
The new study is an important proof of concept that will allow the scientists to step up their search for the hypothetical element, they wrote.
“This reaction had never been demonstrated before, and it was essential to prove it was possible before embarking on our attempt to make [element] 120,” study lead author Jacklyn Gates, a nuclear scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) in California, said in a statement. “Creation of a new element is an extremely rare feat. It’s exciting to be a part of the process and to have a promising path forward.”
However, it could be some time before the researchers can create Unbinilium. In this study, it took over 22 days to create just two atoms of Livermorium inside Berkeley Lab’s 88-Inch Cyclotron machine, which was constantly shooting Titanium ions at the Plutonium isotope.
However, it could take even longer for unbinilium to form.
“We think it will take about 10 times longer to make [element] 120 than [element] 116,” study co-author Reiner Kruecken, a nuclear scientist at Berkeley Lab, said in the statement. “It’s not easy, but it seems feasible now.”
Normally, superheavy elements quickly break down once they are formed because they are highly unstable. However, researchers predict that once elements reach a certain size, they will reach an “island of stability” where they will remain intact considerably longer than current known superheavy isotopes.
Unbinilium is expected to reach this island of stability, meaning its creation would open up a range of possibilities for researching superheavy elements, the study authors said. However, there is also a chance that the hypothetical element will not behave as expected.
“When we’re trying to make these incredibly rare elements, we are standing at the absolute edge of human knowledge and understanding, and there is no guarantee that physics will work the way we expect,” study co-author Jennifer Pore, a nuclear scientist at Berkeley Lab, said in the statement.
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Editor’s note: All the trans-uranic elements are radioactive, and those beyond Americium (element 95) have half-lives much shorter than the age of the Earth, so any primordial atoms of these have long since decayed into lighter stable elements. The theorised ‘plateau of stability’ was predicted to start at element 115; Moscovium, which was first synthesised in 2003, but no such plateau has been observed with 115, 116, 117 or 118. I rather suspect there is no such plateau.
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Herb Rose
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Before anyone should attempt these experiments they should first be able to explain why some atoms are stable while others are unstable.
The stability of a nucleus is determined by the number of neutrons it contains. Both too many or too few neutrons produce unstable nuclei so it is the neutrons that are creating the instability. In both beta decay and the decay of a free neutron an electron is separated from the positive proton. This is surprising since the opposite charges produce a powerful force that should bind the charges together.
The protons, with their similar charges, produce a powerful repelling force within the nucleus and yet they must also be producing the force that holds the nucleus together. An alpha particle is stable and when beta decay occurs the loss of an electron and increase in the number of protons converts an unstable nucleus into a stable nucleus, even though the internal repelling force between protons has increased. Obviously the additional proton is providing more force holding the nucleus together than repelling force trying to break the nucleus apart.
Until someone explains how more protons, which should add more binding force, create the large elements which are less stable, while the alpha particle doesn’t decay they are just wasting time and money.
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