Reflections on Radiated Force & Internal Force
Let’s begin be clarifying what is meant by force. A force is a property of one object able to produce an action in another object without being in contact with that object. The force exists in a field around an object that decreases with distance from the object.
The forces can either produce an attraction between the objects or repulsion between the objects, which is determined by the orientation of the forces of the objects.
When a magnet approaches the opposite pole of another magnet their forces combine to form a larger magnet which radiates a larger magnetic force and field. As similar poles of the magnets approach each other their radiated magnetic force and fields decrease as the repelling force between them increases. The magnetic force is being converted from a radiated force to an internal force between the magnets.
In the case of the electrical forces and fields as opposite charges approach each other the radiated electric fields and forces decrease, which is the opposite reaction than that of the magnetic force. When an electron and proton combine to form a neutron their positive and negative fields shrink and the radiation of electric forces becomes an internal force between the opposite charges.
Their electric forces still exist but are not detected as a radiated force. Their continued existence is shown when a neutron outside an atom’s nucleus decomposes back into an electron and proton, with their normal charges and fields, and a gamma ray. This leads to questions on how a star, which is combining electrons and protons to form neutrons, could be radiating energy into space when that force has become an internal force with shrinking electric fields rather than a radiated force.
As the distance between similar charges decreases the radiated electric force and field increases, which is again an opposite action to that of the magnetic force. It seems to be inaccurate to consider them as one electromagnetic force when they have opposite behavior. The properties and structure of object in the universe are the result of the interaction of the two forces.
The size of an object is not the size of its matter but the size of the fields it radiates. The forces radiated from an object will spread and decrease until they encounter a force field emitted by another object of equal strength. The radiation from the object will not stop but it no longer produces a decrease in the force being emitted by the object. The force field from one object stops and the force field of the other object begins. The behavior of the radiated forces resembles reflection where an object strikes and then reverses direction, but in this case there is no reversal of direction just the continuation of a radiated force from another object.
An objects size is determined by the force fields emitted by it neighbors and unlike its matter, continuously changes as it moves and its neighbor moves. The distance from the Earth to the sun is not 140 X10^6 km but the distance where the Earth’s radiated attractive field equals the sun’s radiated attractive field. The size of the Earth opposite the sun extends until the Earth’s radiated attractive field equals the sun’s radiated attractive field. The size of the sun and its satellites extends until its fields encounter and equal field from a neighboring solar system.
Absolute zero is where an object produces no radiated forces but there still exist the internal forces that hold the nucleus of atoms together, cause electrons to move, and bonds between atoms to exist. Even at absolute zero objects contain energy that exists as internal forces that can potentially be converted into radiated energy. The destruction of atoms releasing the internal forces forming the atom shows how internal forces can become radiated forces.
The atom is formed from the opposite action of the two forces. The attractive force (gravity and magnetic) is attracted to the positive electric force (proton) with greater power than the negative electric force (electron) allowing it to displace electrons. This attractive force is radiated from the nucleus of the atom causing electrons to be located at distances from the nucleus where their attraction to the protons in the nucleus is equal to the decreasing attractive force.
The nucleus is held together both by the internal attractive force between electrons and protons it contains and the compression by the attractive force on its exterior, there are no nuclear forces. If there are not enough protons in the nucleus to form a shell around it, an electron can be exposed on its surface allowing the attractive force to dislodge it resulting in beta decay of the nucleus.
If there are too few internal electrons, the repelling force between protons will create gaps in the nucleus’s surface allowing the attractive force to split the nucleus into smaller elements including hydrogen (neutron emission) or helium (alpha decay).
The alpha particle is stable because the internal electrons are shielded from the attractive force by protons while the neutron is unstable because the attractive force is able to dislodge the exposed electron, overcoming the internal electric force converting the neutron into a hydrogen atom.
Radioactive decay of atoms and the burning of the sun are the same process resulting from the attractive force dislodging electrons by overcoming the attractive internal electric force with hydrogen and helium being the ashes resulting from the destruction of the internal electric force converting it to a radiated force.
The radiated attractive force (gravity and magnetism (which is a directional attractive force)) surrounding the nucleus cause objects to be pulled closer together, increasing the radiated attractive force and its fields while the internal attractive force between the objects decreases.
At the same time as the internal attraction decreases (since the electrons are surrounding the nucleus) the radiated repelling electric force between the similarly charged electrons of the atoms increases, keeping the objects from merging into a single unit. A covalent chemical bond is formed when a gap in the surrounding electrons allows the attractive force to pull the separate atoms closer forming a larger molecule unit.
When the repelling radiated electric force equals the radiated attractive force a stable larger structure is formed with its own radiated attractive and electric forces and fields. These fields from larger objects can then interact with other objects to form larger structures resulting in the creation of planets, solar systems and galaxies. It is the fields of object’s forces that interact, not the object’s matter.
Once equilibrium between objects is established any change in one object’s fields will be transmitted to all the adjacent fields of other objects. An increase it the radiated attractive force of an object will cause the attractive field of adjacent objects to move towards it. This, in turn, will cause an increase in the repelling electric force between the two objects and, as the change in attractive force decreases as it is transmitted to other objects fields, the repelling electric force will re-establish equilibrium.
This is the transmission of electromagnetic wave and the speed of these waves is determined by the strength of the attractive force, which in turn determines the strength of the electric field. As the strength of the radiated attractive force between objects decreases the wavelength of the field disturbances increases. The longer the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave the smaller the energy (force) it carries.
The balance of radiated forces and internal forces can be seen in water. As energy is added to 0 C ice, it is converted into 0 C water as the internal force forming the crystal structure are broken, without additional radiated energy being transmitted to the thermometer. As further energy is added internal structures in the water are formed absorbing some of the energy and not registering on the thermometer as radiated energy.
The formation of different structures causes the size of the calorie (the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 C) changes depending on the existing temperature and structure of the water. When the temperature of the water reaches 100 C instead of the energy being radiated as increasing temperature or forming new internal structures it begins to reverse the process breaking the internal bonds that were previously formed. After an additional 540 calories/gram is added all the internal bonds are broken and the water converts to 100 C steam.
Internal forces between bonds in a molecule can absorb energy independent of the whole molecule. When ultraviolet light transfers energy to an oxygen molecule it causes a vibration across the bond. Eventually it absorbs enough radiated energy (450,000 joules/mole) to break the double bond and the energy is converted into kinetic energy of the individual oxygen atoms. After the atoms radiate energy to the surrounding force fields (in a different wavelength than they absorbed) the atoms can again convert radiated force into an internal force reforming the oxygen molecule.
When considering the conservation of energy the internal energy that cannot be detected must be considered as well as the radiated energy.
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