How Big Ag Is Killing Insects — and Why It Matters
New research provides evidence that chemicals used in farming may be more harmful to insects than previously thought, contributing to worldwide declines in important species.
In a wide-ranging, first-of-a-kind study published Oct. 24 in the journal Science, scientists found that extremely small, sublethal concentrations of over 580 pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and other chemicals can have serious negative impacts on the behavior and subsequent survival of certain insects.
The scientists tested some of the chemicals on fruit fly larvae, mosquitoes and butterflies.
The results were “very shocking,” said study co-author Justin Crocker, a researcher with the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany.
The study bolsters the case that agrochemicals play a big role in plummeting populations of insects, a phenomenon that can gravely harm food production since certain insects are needed to pollinate key food crops.
‘A bit scary’
In the paper, researchers exposed 75 fruit fly larvae to three concentrations of 1,024 different agrochemicals.
The smallest level tested (2 micromoles) is well within the range found in the real world; for example, it’s not uncommon to find this concentration of the herbicide glyphosate in streams near crop fields.
After only 16 hours of exposure, they transferred the insects to vials containing chemical-free food, and filmed their behavior. More than half of these substances caused discernible changes in the behavior of developing insects.
These behavioral shifts included changes in the way the larvae crawled, turned, or otherwise moved their body around.
Over 380 non-insecticide pesticides affected many of these traits, as well as a tendency toward “abnormal wandering,” which is linked to a lower likelihood of long-term survival.
“It was definitely a bit scary for us,” Crocker said, especially when imagining the massive scale of what is happening to insects out there in the real world.
The authors also tested some of the chemicals at higher ambient temperatures and found the effects were much more pronounced.
Some of these chemicals had no effect on fitness at lower temperatures, but when the study environment was heated up a few degrees, “it turns to absolute lethality,” Crocker said. “These are not subtle differences.”
That result jumped out at Charlie Outhwaite, a research fellow at the Zoological Society of London who wasn’t involved in the paper.
“Given the climate warming that has already occurred and that will continue to occur, it seems likely that the real-world impacts of pesticide applications will increase considerably if changes are not made,” she said.
A landmark study
Several other outside researchers were astounded by the paper and what it means for the so-called “insect apocalypse.”
“I have conducted research on the impact of toxins on insects for the last 48 years and I am shocked by the severity of the effects that a high percentage of the 1,024 chemicals tested have,” said Philip Batterham, a toxicologist at the University of Melbourne who wasn’t involved in the paper. “This is a landmark publication.”
Most of these chemicals are not considered to be insecticides, but they have pronounced insecticidal activity, said researcher Francisco Sanchez-Bayo, who added he was “surprised by the large number of non-insecticide chemicals that have serious effects on reproduction.” Which is, of course, vital for animal populations to survive.
Sanchez-Bayo co-authored a 2019 study in the journal Biological Conservation which investigated the causes the global insect declines, concluding the habitat loss caused by converting land to intensive agriculture was a primary cause, with agrochemicals also playing an important role.
Insect populations and declines vary greatly from place to place, and a few nature reserves seem to have experienced little change in recent decades. But an overall drop is unmistakable, especially in Europe.
In Germany, for example, research suggests the mass of flying insects has declined more than 70% in recent decades.
In the long term, Crocker and colleagues want to create a new platform for measuring chemical toxicity.
In the past, many substances have been judged based on much more blunt measures, such as the LD50 — the quantity that kills 50% of any given population of animals.
“The insects are clearly in decline around us, and these [agricultural chemicals] are clearly a driver,” Crocker says. “If you’re changing the behavior in these systems it shouldn’t be too much of a stretch to say, it’s impacting the populations.”
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solarsmurph
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Hmmm, although the pleasure of going outside with fewer pesky mosquitoes is nice, without insects of various types we will have less pollination, and thus are doomed to food shortages, and that is happening today. Here in Canada, I am noticing a considerable drop in the typical flying insects, bees of all sorts, dragon flies, May flies, even mosquitoes are far fewer than 40 years ago. Types of insects, such as wasps have become more aggressive, and with the import of Murder Hornets and other mutants. Our native insect populations are being decimated by chemicals, pollution, and even forest fires.
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Jerry Krause
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Hi Solarsmurph,
Peace River, Alberta Lat. 56.3 N extreme low Jan. temperature much below neg. 40F. We lived in Hibbing, MN more than 3 decades, beginning Sept. 1973. lots of mosquitoes in the spring In the beginning and if they didn’t have a foot of snow on the ground by the end of Nov. they feared the buried water lines would freeze.
And there were ‘army worms’ so thick on roads they reduced traction. These things were cyclic but we never experienced the extreme mosquitoes and worms the last 2 decades. And I cannot believe these abrupt changes occurred because or any human activity. Relative to wild fires more than one town had been burned in the forested northern MN.
Farmers are NATURISTS, they observe nature but they often do not try to explain what they see. But they do try to adapt to grow more and better crops and animals.
Have a good day
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Jerry Krause
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Hi Solarsmurph,
Do Canadian geese nest around Peace River? I ask this as a naturalist who observed (eastern South Dakota) them migrating north in the apring and south in the fall. And I claim being taught, or reading when young that some of those migraining south flew to the Southern Hemisphere and I can no longer read such now. And no longer live in eastern S.D. to actually observe what has occurred this fall. I plan to check with my nephew but would like to read what your experiences were and are.
Have a good day
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Jerry Krause
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Hi Solarsmurph,
Please try this (https://raws.dri.edu) link again.
Have a good day
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jerry Krause
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Hi Solarsmurph,
One purpose of this comment is to make it convenient (recent comments) to have a discussion. Peace River is possibly the most northern mid-continent modern town and that it has populated of less than 7000 does not decrease its climatic importance. But I just finally discovered the monthly summary of the RAWS data includes the max. and min”. of each day’s dew point temperature (dpt) and one can see during a winter month there occurs a sudden decrease in the generally consistent dpt. Which cause is easy to understand to be due to a cold air mass from the Arctic draining down to lower latitudes.
While I haven’t analyzed when this naturally occurs I am reasonably sure it is lated to monthly lunar cycle. And I hope some PSI readers, who are better able to do this analysis than I.
Have a good day
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