Entangled Attractions: A Story of Negatrons, Gravitons & Strings

Written by Robert A. Beatty BE (Minerals) FAusIMM on August 13, 2020. Posted in Current News

This article is an abridged version of the detailed paper published at www.bosmin.com.

SUMMARY

This paper follows on from the PROM review of Black Hole Radiation – Entangled Gravity, and concentrates on the part Negatrons, Gravitons, Gravity Strings and Entangled particles might play in establishing gravity throughout the universe.

The paper provides an explanation of how the Graviton particle might form near a black hole (BH) event horizon. Electrons are generally considered to be fundamental particles, but there appears to be evidence that a BH environment includes both Positron and Negatron particles derived from Electrons. Positrons entangled with Negatrons appear to form Gravitons which are associated with forming gravity, and are fundamental for associating General Relativity gravity with Quantum gravity. This resulted in redrafting the

Standard Model of Elementary Particles tabulation.
Positrons at a BH stabilise free Neutrons sited inside the BH.
The gravity impact on time dilation is discussed.

INTRODUCTION

Electrons can form into Positroniums, which include a Positron e+ and an Electron e-. There is a level of confusion used in this terminology showing the word Electron appearing twice, and apparently referring to two different particle conditions.

This confusion extends to the entangled particles consideration where the Positron is permanently captured by the Free Neutron,[5] but inside the BH.

NEGATRONS

The naming anomaly was referred to in 1930:[6]

Dirac developed in 1930 a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles with negative energy, later dubbed the Dirac sea. This led him to predict the existence of a positron, the antimatter counterpart of the electron. This particle was discovered in 1932 by Carl Anderson, (Carl David Anderson (September 3, 1905 – January 11, 1991) was an American physicist. He is best known for his discovery of the positron in 1932, an achievement for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics, and of the muon in 1936) who proposed calling standard electrons negatons (Negatrons) and using electron as a generic term to describe both the positively and negatively charged variants.

If we pursue this line of thought along with entangled particles at a BH, it makes sense to formalise this distinction as shown as Figure 2.

Figure 2

Figure 2, is a diagrammatic representation of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles information, filed in Appendix-A (See www.bosmin.com/PSL/AppendixA.pdf) which is now adjusted to include the Negatron, Positron, and Graviton.

The Negatron and Positron is a combination of matter and anti-matter, and forms a Positronium inherent to an Electron which has one negative charge. However, the Positron has one positive charge, so the Negatron needs two potential negatives to balance the charges.

POSITRONS

Positrons have recently been discovered in space in significant numbers:[7]

An excess of positrons has been detected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), which collects cosmic rays from its perch on the International Space Station. This raises the question, where are the anti-particle electrons matching these Positrons?

Another way to describe this situation is for an Electron without a Positron to be regarded as similar to a Neutron without a stabilizing Proton, making the Neutron an unstable ‘free’ Neutron.

Similarly, the Electron without its Positron can be regarded as a ‘free’ Electron, but herein referred to as a Negatron.

A Negatron and Positron combine to form a Positronium. Outside a BH environment, it has a charge showing positive during the 50% of orbit time, and negative during the other 50%.

However, a Negatron attaching to a Positron, but sited inside a BH, cannot show a positive charge for 50% of time, because the Positron component is permanently attached to a free Neutron inside the BH. Details shown at reference[2]. This Positronium orbit only shows continuous negative charges.

A Positronium forming into an Electron normally appears to alter charge + – + – + -, but a Positronium associated with a BH has a charge appearance of – – – – – – now shown as e-&- (e minus and minus) in Figures 2 and 4.

GRAVITONS

Figure 4 is derived from a study of the Kruskal Szekeres diagram,[8] and illustrates a hyperbolic geometry interpretation of a BH.

A key indicator shows mass entering a BH is separated into atomic components due to the high gravity force which is in excess of the electrostatic attraction between the atomic particles. This results in Protons separating from Neutrons which become free Neutrons. The Protons escape the BH as Cosmic Rays travelling at close to the speed of light.[9] Electrons include both Positrons and Negatrons, but with the Positrons attaching to the free Neutrons when inside the BH. This stabilizes the free Neutrons, and prevents atomic decay.

The e-&- energy charge associated with the Negatron, transfers into a two-spin motion. This allows the uncharged Negatron to escape through the event horizon. However, a Negatron must also be massless to escape from the BH gravity well, so the inherent mass of the Positronium lies exclusively with the Positron remaining inside the BH, and the Negatron has zero mass. This particle emerging from the event horizon has a spin of 2, is massless, and without charge, now described as a Graviton, and capable of exiting a BH environment.

It is interesting to note that the life of a BH depends on a fairly continuous supply of raw material. If incoming mass stops, the BH becomes unstable through the dissipation of Positron particles leading to instability in the Neutron mass which would return to being free Neutrons.

REVISED STANDARD MODEL OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

The Standard Model of Elementary Particles is included in Appendix-A.

However,[10] “the Standard Model is inconsistent with that of general relativity, to the point where one or both theories break down under certain conditions. Theories that lie beyond the Standard Model include various extensions of the standard model through supersymmetry, such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM).”

The Model of Elementary Particles is redrawn to include the Tensor Boson column, with Positron, Negatron, and Graviton shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 shows the Negatron added under the Scalar Bosons grouping and the Graviton sited in the Tensor Boson column. In this location more than one boson (Higgs and Graviton) can associate with atomic particles to deliver both atomic mass and gravity.

Gauge (Vector) Boson definition: “The weak gauge bosons were discovered due to momentum change in electrons from neutrino-Z exchange. The massless photon mediates the electromagnetic interaction. These four gauge bosons form the electroweak interaction among elementary particles.”

Scalar Boson definition: “A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. Boson means that it has an integer-valued spin; the scalar fixes this value to 0. The name scalar boson arises from quantum field theory. It refers to the particular transformation properties under Lorentz transformation.”

Tensor Boson has a spin of 2 and is associated with the anticipated Graviton particle. “They are described by a Tensor of 2nd rank. A scalar is a Tensor of 0th rank and therefore a scalar field particle is a spin-0-particle, a vector is Tensor of 1st rank and if a particle is a vector boson, it is a spin-1-particle.”

This position fits with our general understanding of Fermions and Bosons shown in Appendix-B Fermions and Bosons,[11] Exhibit 2 and indicates that Gravitons could associate with atoms containing an even number of neutrons and protons.

The Higgs boson is responsible for featuring the mass property of an atom, and the Graviton has long been thought to provide the gravity property associated with mass. The Graviton is an essential requirement in String theory which is proposed to bridge the knowledge gap between Quantum gravity and Einstein’s theory of gravity.

GRAVITON ASSOCIATION WITH STRINGS

The Positronium combination discussed previously resulted in an entangled association between the Negatron outside the event horizon and the Positron within the BH. Under these circumstances the Negatron e-&- charge transforms into a Graviton with spin of 2, which is suited for incorporation within the String Theory.[13] Also from Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Albert-Einstein-Institut, Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany, August 17, 2009[15]

Gravity is different. It is mediated by particles (gravitons) of spin 2, unlike the other known forces in nature (electromagnetism and the strong and weak interactions), which are carried by particles of spin 1. This explains why like gravitational charges (that is, masses) attract, whereas in electrostatics, like charges repel, thereby accounting for the fact that gravity dominates physics at large distances, despite its incredible weakness in comparison with the other fundamental forces (think of a little magnet whose force on a safety pin beats the gravitational pull of the whole planet Earth). Modern understanding of gravity rests on Einstein’s theory of general relativity. This theory is based on the principle of general covariance (according to which, the laws of physics should not depend on which coordinate system is used to formulate them) and the principle of equivalence, enabling Einstein to write down “in one stroke” his gravitational field equations and thereby to revolutionize our understanding of gravity, replacing Newtonian gravity by a theory based on spacetime geometry and curvature.

There is another key aspect in which gravity differs. Matter is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics, but so far, Einstein’s theory has resisted all attempts to reconcile it with quantum mechanics.

And:[16]

If it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless because the gravitational force is very long range and appears to propagate at the speed of light. The graviton must be a spin-2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism’s spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from gravitation, because a massless spin-2 field would couple to the stress–energy tensor in the same way that gravitational interactions do. This result suggests that, if a massless spin-2 particle is discovered, it must be the graviton.

So far, the Graviton has not been found in nature, but Negatrons and/or Gravitons appear to be entangled with Positrons inside a BH.

GRAVITON ASSOCIATION WITH MOLECULES

This feature may distribute an entangled string tie between the mass molecules and the BH, to form a gravity bond.

Figure 7 shows a BH Electromagnetic Gravity String (EGS) Tie between the Graviton and a Chalcocite (Cu₂S) molecule. The bond is preferably established with the sulphur atom, as a two-meson bond, discussed under Appendix B (www.bosmin.com/PSL/AppendixB.pdf)

An EGS tie forms a double bond with the sulphur atom, involving both the proton and neutron, because elements with even atomic numbers on the Graviton Table of Elements Figure 6, associate exclusively with the twin spin Graviton boson. This mechanism appears to provide the gravitational force holding mass together.

GRAVITY TIME DILATION [18]

GPS satellites commonly require standardising to ensure their accuracy. The problem arises because clocks run slower in strong gravitation fields, than they do in weaker fields. Figure 8, presented in my paper Natural Gravity[19] illustrates how electromagnetic gravity strings (EGS) appear to reach Earth. Weaker gravity strings (egs) appear to retransmit from massive objects.

Figure 8

The net effect of both EGS and egs fields are a more concentrated population of strings near to the mass object. This slows object times through the mechanism of stronger gravity attraction between electrons and nuclei, which causes slower atomic activity. These effects reach a critical level at BHs where gravity increases and time dilation slow to the point where molecules separate into their constituent components.

Newtonian Gravity G increases from 6.693×10^-11 m³kg^-1s^-2 to G =6.693×10²⁸ m³kg^-1s^-2 an increase of 10³⁹ times, between the Solar system and V616.[19] Time dilation reduces by the reciprocal of this quantity until at the BH, time stops completely, because the molecular components separate into their constituent atomic particles.

CONCLUSIONS

Positrons are unexpectedly plentiful in space, showing that an electron should not be regarded as a fundamental particle.
Negatrons are anti particles to Positrons.
A Positron can be captured by a free neutron in a BH environment resulting in the Negatron displaying an e-&- charge.
The Kruskal Szekeres diagram illustrates the hyperbolic geometry present at a BH.
The e-&- energy charge associated with the Negatron, transfers into a two-spin motion. This particle emerging from the event horizon, transforms into a spin of 2, is massless, and without charge, and described as a Graviton.
The Positron combined with the free neutron inside the BH takes all the mass from the Positronium. The massless Negatron is capable of leaving the BH as a Graviton.
Gravitons provide the gravitational force which is very long range and appears to propagate at the speed of light. Once the gravitational link is established, it remains entangled with its BH host, and provides instantaneous recognition to mass influences.
The Negatron and Graviton are shown in the Standard Model of Elementary Particles as Scalar and Tensor Bosons, respectively. In these locations more than one boson can associate with atomic particles to deliver both atomic stability and gravity.
Electrons are generally considered to be fundamental particles, but there is evidence that both Positron and Negatron particles derived from Electrons.
If incoming mass stops, the BH could become unstable through dissipation of Positron particles, and gradually cease to exist.
Identifying a possible source for the Graviton is a significant finding.
The proposed operation of a BH provides a step towards understanding the importance of BHs in the universe.
The Graviton has not been found in nature, but may be a particle only found in an identifiable form near to a BH boundary.
Negatrons entangled with their Positrons inside a BH may transit over the event horizon and radiate throughout space as Gravitons associated with the EGS gravity string effect. In this mode particles form into a three-dimensional space-time structure.
Time dilation occurs where gravity strings are more concentrated.
BH gravity levels are high enough to overcome molecular electromagnetic attraction forces, at which point mass time ceases to exist.

REFERENCES

[1] http://www.bosmin.com/PSL/NEGATRONS.pdf

[2] https://principia-scientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/blackholeradiationprom.pdf

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron#Free_neutron_decay

[4] https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_does_a_neutron_interact_with_atomic_electrons

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron#Free_neutron_decay

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

[7] https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.5.028274/full/

[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal%E2%80%93Szekeres_coordinates

[9] http://www.bosmin.com/PSL/M87Galaxy.pdf

[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model

[11] https://particleadventure.org/fermibos.html

[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table

[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

[14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory

[15] https://physics.aps.org/articles/v2/70

[16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

[17] https://www.quantamagazine.org/tensor-networks-and-entanglement-20150428/

[18] https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/mobile/2013/06/24/does-time-go-faster-at-the-top-of-a-building-compared-to-the-bottom/

[19] http://www.bosmin.com/PSL/InterstellarGravity.pdf

[20] http://www.bosmin.com/PSL/GRAVISPHERES.pdf

[21] https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle

[22] https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1_HrQVhgbeo

[23] https://www.quora.com/q/the-physics-space?ni=0&nsrc=4&snid3=9932125408&tiids=9326955

[24] https://www.quora.com/q/the-physics-space?ni=0&nsrc=4&pmsg=+SHVMN2FUcngyUm9LLUprRVhsblQ6YS5hcHAudmlldy 5wbXNnLkxvZ2dlZEluRnJvbUxpbms6W1s5ODUzNzE0NDhdLCB7fV0*&snid3=10070635475&tiids=9111475

About the author: Robert A. Beatty BE (Minerals) FAusIMM is an Honorary Research Consultant at The University of Queensland in recognition of his work on terrestrial evolution, planet orogeny and climate influences. He has over thirty years’ of broad experience in mine operations and planning for open cut and underground, coal and metalliferous mines. Since 1980 he has operated as Principal of R.A. Beatty and Associates Pty Limited mine consulting engineers offering services under the BOSMIN^® trade mark.

PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.