Discovery of 235uranium fission taking place in collision of neutron stars cause gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation
Abstract: The measurements of gravitational waves, γ- rays, X-rays, UV, blue light, and red light from collision of neutron stars on 17th August 2017 opened a subject of gravitational wave astronomy.
As these emissions are found similar to radioisotopes and solar emissions caused by 235uranium fission, fission is reported to be taking place during collision. Therefore, fission could be the source for gravitational waves (GW170817). Early arrival of blue light than red light is attributed to its high energy and signifies reliability of measurements.
Hence early arrival of gravitational waves over γ- ray burst (GRB170817A) by 1.7 sec assures its higher energy over the detected γ- rays. It is shown that gravitational waves lead each one of the γ- ray, β- particle or X-ray followed by Bharat radiation, Extreme UV (EUV), UV, visible light and near infrared radiation expected from fission products. The detected gravitational waves, γ- rays, X-rays, UV, blue light, and red light are not independent emissions but go together as a chain of radiations.
Introduction
Albert Einstein predicted gravitational waves a hundred years ago in his general theory of relativity but were observed for the very first time on 14 September 2015. On 17th August 2017, strong and definite signal of gravitational waves GW170817 was detected lasting for 100 sec from neutron star merger (1). From the same source, a short γ-ray burst called GRB170817A was detected 1.7 seconds later.
An optical spectrum called SSS17a was also measured from the same source. Initially, a bright spot was seen that appeared first as a blue light, but after few nights red light appeared when blue light faded away. As gravitational wave astronomy is newly emerged subject, the nature of gravitational waves, their source, and the phenomenon causing these waves are yet to be understood.
The key information on source of all these emissions and the phenomenon causing them has come from the fact that the reported electromagnetic radiations from γ-rays to red light from collision of neutron stars were found common with that from radioisotopes and Sun (2-3). In 2010, UV dominant optical emission following γ, β, and X-ray emissions was reported to have discovered from radioisotopes and XRF (X-ray fluorescent) sources (2). These sources cause a new class of atomic spectra of solid sources regardless of temperature. Typically UV intensity would be 83{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} in gross intensity while visible light and near infrared radiation share the rest 17{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} from these sources. Therefore, radioisotopes are thought to be the likely sources for γ-rays followed by UV, visible light (blue light and red light) detected from collision.
Unprecedented details on the source of emissions from collision have come from the fact that they are found similar to solar emissions reported to have been caused by 235uranium fission (4). Fission fragments present in solar flare emit γ, β, and X-ray emissions, Bharat radiation (12.87 to 31 nm), Extreme UV, UV, visible light, and near infrared radiation. As γ-rays followed by visible light are common emissions from fission fragments in solar flare, the current study reports 235uranium fission likely taking place during neutron star merger could be the source of the measured radiations. Seemingly, the same atomic phenomenon operates in radioisotopes, Sun and collision in causing common emissions (2).
The current paper thus reports the discovery of 235uranium fission taking place in neutron stars seen as collision. Fission operating both in the planet Sun and neutron stars can be a noteworthy aspect in Astrophysics. There are valid reasons to believe gravitational waves originate from fission reaction. GW170817, GRB170817A and SSS17a originate from the same source. Secondly, gravitational waves precede γ-rays just by 1.7 sec. In clear words, gravitational waves might originate from same excited atoms in fission fragments such as 137Cs.
The current paper reports the discovery of higher energy of GW170817 over that of the measured γ-rays (GRB170817A). This inference was drawn from the measurements of blue light followed by red light. As blue light is of higher energy than red light, measurements revealing its early arrival are justified. Both blue light and red light started simultaneously from fission reaction, but blue light arrived earlier at the detector indicating faster velocity. The measurements are in support of the author’s modified Einstein’s formula E=V2 applicable to electromagnetic radiation (5).
According to this formula, higher energy radiation go at faster velocity (V) and arrive earlier. On the basis of this formula, the author has reported X-rays and Bharat Radiation go at superluminal velocity (5). Earlier arrival of GW170817 than GRB170817A pinpointing higher energy of gravitational waves over the measured γ-rays is in support of the formula. Owing to higher energy, GW170817 heads each one of the γ, β, and X-ray emissions from a fission fragment such as 137Cs. In clear words, gravitational wave made a new entry to the list of emissions from radioisotope or XRF or X-ray source. Gravitational wave and the following electromagnetic radiations are not independent radiations, but they all behave as a chain of radiations from the source.
In 2015, the author has reported existence of gravitational force in the direction of motion of γ, β, and X-ray emissions (6,7). It is the same as GW170817. Gravitational force forms a link with Earth’s gravity. While being attracted towards Earth, gravitational force and γ, β, and X-ray emissions acquire higher energy. As a result, these ionizing radiations generate enough heat due to intense near infrared radiation and visible light below 10 km height above Earth.
Results and discussion
Fission, the source of emissions from collision
The unprecedented details on gravitational waves and neutron stars reported in the current paper has come from the very nature of detected emissions (1). Very significantly, γ- rays, X-rays, UV, and visible light including blue light and red light from collision are found common with UV dominant optical emission discovered from radioisotopes and XRF (X-ray fluorescent) sources in 2010 (2). It is the energy of ionizing radiation γ-, β, or X-ray that decides the nature of optical spectrum. The new class of atomic spectra of solids take place notably at room temperature characteristically show high UV intensity at 83{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} or above in gross intensity of light, while visible light and near infrared radiation shared the rest 17{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} from radioisotopes and XRF sources. Therefore, γ- rays, X-rays, UV, blue light and red light detected from the collision provide sufficient evidence to infer as they are all surely the emissions from radioisotopes by the same atomic phenomenon reported in 2010 (2). Likewise, it is to be understood that characteristic X-ray from a radioisotope also cause UV, blue light and red light. Conclusively, all the said emissions are surely from radioisotopes present in collision.
The key on the basic issue, the source to the γ-rays, X-rays, UV, and visible light from collision has come from similar solar emissions reported in 2013 (4). 235Uranium fission products present in solar flare emit γ, β, characteristic X-rays, Bharat Radiation (12.87 to 31 nm), Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV), UV, visible light, and near infrared radiation (3, 4). Therefore, in all possibilities all the said emissions from collision arise from fission products formed by 235uranium fission during collision.
235Uranium in Neutron stars
235Uranium fission, if really taking place during collision, assures that the total amount of 235uranium present in both the stars exceed the critical mass. As the two stars merge, slow neutrons released from 235uranium present in the stars trigger fission reaction. The γ-rays detected from collision strengthen the view on fission, since many fission fragments are γ emitters including 99Mo (Table, 4). The current study reports further on the energy of the detected γ-rays and half-life of their sources, fission products. The γ-rays detected should be of high energy so that they could reach from distant collision to the detector. Despite having very short half-life of 0.282 s, high energy 2.434 MeV γ-ray from 131In cause solar line (4). Future studies should direct in measuring energy of γ- rays precisely, so that its parent fission product involved such as 137Cs can be identified. That helps in confirmation of fission in collision.
Source of gravitational waves
With the detection of gravitational waves, one more entry was made to the long list of electromagnetic radiations in the field of radiation physics. From the data available on collision, the author delved deep into this less explored area of gravitational wave astronomy that led to a clear understanding on the source of the waves and many of their previously unknown fundamental properties.
The fact 235Uranium fission was attributed to be the source of emissions from γ-rays to red light arising from collision helped in pinpointing fission as the common source even for gravitational waves. The reason being that all the radiations from gravitational waves to red light came in succession from collision. And the time difference in arrival of gravitational waves and γ-rays had been very little, just 1.7 sec.
Therefore, the author opines that a chain of radiations headed by gravitational wave up to right light originate before from excited atoms of fission products.
Until 2010, ever since the discovery of artificially produced radioisotopes and characteristic X-ray (XRF) sources, they were known as ionizing radiation sources owing to γ, β, and X-ray emissions. In 2013, the definition of ionizing sources virtually changed with the author’s discovery of UV dominant optical emission. Bharat Radiation was introduced by the author in 2010, in order to explain the light emission. The γ, β, or X-ray emission loses energy at eV level while passes through core coulomb space, but the loss of energy reappears in the form of electromagnetic radiation, termed Bharat radiation.
It was predicted to have energy higher than that of UV at eV level. Bharat radiation in turn causes dominant UV, visible light and near infrared radiation by valence excitation. The author provided a most plausible explanation how Bharat radiation is produced followed by light emission within an excited atom of a radioisotope or XRF source in 2010 (2). In 2013, from solar spectrum measured by Woods et al from University of Colorado, Bharat Radiation wavelengths from 12.87 to 31 nm were discovered and learnt newly that it causes EUV.
With the discovery of 235uranium fission causing Sunlight in 2013, a fresh list of emissions from fission products emerged: γ, β, and X-ray emissions, Bharat radiation, EUV, UV, visible light and near infrared radiation. Lately, with the detection of gravitational waves from fission, the current study redefined the emissions from radioisotopes and XRF sources as gravitational waves, γ, β, and X-ray emissions, Bharat radiation, EUV, UV, visible light and near infrared radiation. The current study thus unfolded the most important fundamental property of gravitational waves, their origin from excited atoms in fission products.
Gravitational waves are of higher energy than γ-rays detected
Another noteworthy aspect of the report on collision has been the time differences noticed on arrival between two pairs of radiations, between gravitational waves and γ- rays, and between blue light and red light. Previously, it was not possible to interpret the reason for the observed time differences, since Einstein’s formula became ineffective, when interpreted mass of a photon is considered zero.
Therefore, considered mass of any photon as the same, whether it is of X-ray or light, regardless of its energy. The modified formula E=V2 describes higher the energy faster the speed of electromagnetic radiation. It led to the discovery of superluminal velocities of solar X-rays and Bharat radiation (from 12.87 to 31 nm) from the measurements of solar spectra made by Woods et al in 2011 (5). Major success to the formula has come in interpreting why temperatures in various atmospheric layers are caused. It was found each layer occupies by a specific solar radiation depending upon its energy (6).
Fresh support to the formula has come from the time differences noticed in the detection of emissions from collision. It is to be understood that all the detected radiations started simultaneously from the fission, but their arrival time differed. According to the formula, higher energy radiation go at faster velocity V. The measurements on early arrival of the UV and blue light than red light have been intriguing but poses a problem in understanding the reason for difference in arrival times.
In fact, Albert Einstein made a general assertion that light goes at the fastest velocity C, keeping in view its components: violet, blue, green, yellow, and red light also go at the maximum velocity C.
The measurements, early arrival of the UV and blue light than red light questions the validity of Einstein’s formula, because UV and blue light have evidently demonstrated faster velocity and early arrival owing to higher energy. These measurements are in agreement with Rao’s modified formula. That reflects the measurements made are accurate and most reliable.
On the basis of the above formula, it became clear that the early arrival of gravitational waves over γ-rays by 1.7 sec is because of higher energy than that of the detected γ-rays. The current study thus defines a fundamental property of gravitational waves, on energy level.
Gravitational waves lead all other radiations
There is a clear reason why gravitational waves arrived earlier than γ-rays. Gravitational waves lead each one of the following emissions: γ-ray, β, and X-ray (figs 1&2). The author has succeeded in explaining further as gravitational waves, γ-rays, X-rays, UV, blue light and red light detected from collision are not independent emissions but come as a chain of emissions from fission fragments by Padmanabha Rao Effect (2-4).
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of gravitational waves, γ- rays, X-rays, UV, blue light and red light detected recently from collision of neutron stars. For comparison, included are the similar solar emissions: γ-rays, X-rays, Bharat Radiation, EUV, UV, visible light and near infrared radiation. It is to note that gravitational waves lead γ-ray, as well as X-ray. And it happens in the case of radioisotopes whether produced by activation or as a fission product. As shown in figure, each γ-ray or X-ray generates Bharat Radiation photon. In turn Bharat radiation photon causes EUV, UV, visible light (shown as violet, blue, green, yellow, and red light) and near infrared radiation. These solar emissions come as a chain in decreasing order of energy.
Some more emissions expected in collision
If fission really takes place in collision, some more emissions are expected as in the case of solar emissions. (i) Along with γ-rays, Bharat radiation, with energy slightly higher than that of UV at eV level is expected. (ii) Bharat Radiation causes Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) as evidenced in solar spectrum (3). Hence, EUV is also expected. (iii) Bharat Radiation causes Visible light and near infrared radiation, therefore near infrared radiation is also expected from collision. To sum up, γ-rays, X-rays, Bharat Radiation, EUV, UV, visible light and near infrared radiation are the total range of emissions expected in the decreasing order of energy from 235uranium fission in collision.
Figure 2 explains how gravitational waves and γ- rays originate from a 35uranium fission product such as 137Cs.
Fig 2: Schematic diagram of emissions from 137Cs are 0.6617 MeV γ-ray, 1.174 MeV β and 0.51 MeV β (not shown in figure), and Ba Kα X-rays of 32.194 keV energy. Gravitational wave with higher energy precede the chain of radiations: 0.6617 MeV γ-ray, Bharat Radiation, EUV, UV, visible light and near infrared radiation. A separate gravitational wave precedes the chain of radiations form 1.174 MeV β to near infrared radiation. And another gravitational wave precede the chain of radiations from Ba Kα X-ray to near infrared radiation. In clear terms, each one of these gravitational waves possess higher energy than the following γ, β or X-ray. It is shown gravitational wave along with 1.174 MeV β etc. go at higher velocity and reach early than the wave along with 0.6617 MeV γ-ray etc. Similar is the case with 0.6617 MeV γ-ray as compared to Ba K X-ray.
In 2015, the author has reported the role of gravitational force of γ-, β or X-ray emissions that refers gravitational waves. In terms of gravitational waves, the current paper describes one more fundamental property here. Gravitational force form a link with Earth’s gravity. That is how gravitational force in the form of gravitational waves play a pivotal role in transporting the chain of radiations from γ-, β or X-ray emissions to near infrared radiation to millions of kms away in space from Sun to Earth due to Earth’s gravity. Otherwise, γ-, β or X-ray emissions fail to travel beyond some limited distance in space due to absorption and scattering in the intervening media. Likewise, gravitational waves helped in transporting γ-rays to red light a long distance from the site of collision or fission to the site of detectors.
Figure 3 shows that when solar γ-, β or X-ray emissions reach 10 km height above Earth, it is the gravitational force present in the form of gravitational wave heading γ-, β or X-ray emissions form a link with earth’s gravity (6, 7). Due to attraction from earth’s gravity, gravitational wave attains higher energy and velocity and travel towards Earth along with the radiations from γ-, β or X-ray emissions to near infrared radiation. This was explained clearly in the following.
In 2015, the author explained the temperature in atmospheric layer above Earth is because of the presence of a specific solar emission. A chain of solar emissions are successively released instantaneously from fission fragments (radioisotopes) present in solar flare, immediately after 235uranium fission taken place on Sun’s core surface. Solar γ-, β, and X-ray emissions cause Bharat radiation with wavelengths from 12.87 to 31 nm, which in turn causes Extreme UV (EUV), UV, visible light, and near infrared radiation from same excited atom of a fission fragment like 137Cs. Most significantly, they leave Sun with velocities depending upon their energy or wavelength.
The following describes that each Earth’s atmosphere layer is occupied by a specific solar radiation, depending upon its energy. The γ, β, and X-ray emissions owing to their high energy at keV or MeV level go at maximum velocity reach maximum distance up to 84-54 km and form a ring of ionizing radiations around Earth as shown in figure 3. Their daughter radiation, Bharat Radiation with relatively low energy just at eV level can reach only up to 90 to 84 km height and form a ring dominant in Bharat Radiation. EUV with lower energy than Bharat Radiation reaches 100 to 90 km height and form a ring dominant in EUV.
That is why at and above 90 km, solar spectrum recorded by Woods et al showed only three emissions: X-rays, Bharat radiation, and EUV (3). UV with further low energy reaches up to 110 to 100 km height and form a ring dominant in EUV. Visible light with less energy reach only up to 500 to 110 km and form a ring dominant in visible light. The latest study thus reports visible light is present as belts around earth not only below 10 km height but also at 500 to 100 km height. Near infrared radiation occupies close to Sun since it has least energy and cannot travel much distance. Near infrared radiation present very close to Sun is responsible for very high temperatures of Sun’s corona.
With fall of its intensity, the temperature falls up to 500 km height. It is to note, all these six radiations go as a chain. If gamma rays and light are independently detected, for example, from any cosmic source, it is to be understood that gamma rays have caused the rest 5 radiations including visible light, by an unprecedented atomic phenomenon reported by the author in 2010. Same is the case with the detection of x-rays and visible radiations.
The following describes how temperature of atmosphere layer is determined by the solar radiation present as described in the following. Solar UV dips the temperature to minus zero degrees Centigrade, while EUV causes further steep fall in temperature. Bharat radiation and visible light maintain almost the same temperatures caused by EUV at one atmospheric layer above. In contrast, near infrared radiation raises the temperatures.
Near 500 km height, near infrared radiation raises temperature from 5000C to 20000C. Intensity of near infrared radiation, which is dominant above 500 km height steeply falls from 5000 C to 2500 C as height reduces from 500 km to 110 km above Earth. The relatively energetic visible light dominates the belt of 500 to 110 km, but do not show any influence on temperature and simply allows temperature to fall to 2500C. In the next layer from 110 to 100 km height, the highly abundant UV tends the temperature to fall from 2500C to minus 850C. In the next layer at 100 to 90 km height, highly abundant EUV tends temperature to fall steeply further from minus 850C to minus 1250C. In the next layer at 90 km to 84 km height, the dominant Bharat Radiation do not bring any change in temperature, so maintains nearly the same as that of EUV at 1200C. Solar gamma, beta, X-rays once gain produce chain of emissions that occupy 5 atmospheric layers up to Earth’s surface.
At 10 km height, gravitational waves heading γ, β, and X-ray emissions form a link with earth’s gravity, as a result, γ, β, and X-ray emissions acquire energy. It is termed Vemuluru effect. Due to gain in energy, γ, β, and X-ray emissions generate visible light and near infrared radiation, which raises the atmospheric temperature just to -580 to 17 0C within 10 km height above earth that helps sustenance of life. Notably, gravitational waves heading high energy γ, β, and X-ray emissions from 137Cs etc are attracted to gravity in tropical regions such as South India, South Africa etc as shown by red arrow and produce enough Sunlight and heat (near infrared radiation).
The gravitational waves heading low energy γ, β, and X-ray emissions are attracted to gravity in regions such as UK, Europe, Canada etc. somewhat close to North pole, and generate more of UV, as a result temperatures fall to minus zero degrees, particularly in winter, Gravitational waves heading very low energy γ, β, and X-ray emissions at keV level are attracted to gravity in North and South poles and generate more of EUV and causes steep fall in temperatures as shown by pink arrows. The current explanation reveal that previously believed Ozone layer does not exists.
Fig 3: Schematic diagram of temperatures at various atmospheric layers above Earth measured by previous scientists (6, 7). In 2015, the author reported each atmospheric layer is occupied by a specific solar emission, depending upon energy. The highly energetic γ, β, and X-ray emissions reach maximum distance up to 84 to 54 km and occupy layer there, while Bharat Radiation, EUV, UV, and visible light occupy 4 layers in the decreasing order of energy. The near infrared radiation due to minimum energy fails to go far away, so remains in Sun’s corona and reach up to 500 km height above Earth. Once again, the next 5 layers are occupied by chain of solar emissions up to 10 km height.
235uranium fission cause high temperature in collision
Temperature is expected to raise very high in fission. That is possible when intensity of near infrared radiation produced is high enough. In general, the near infrared radiation intensity produced by γ, β or X-ray energy is relatively low as compared to that of visible light or UV from any radioisotope (Table 1, Ref.2). However, high energies of γ or β from radioisotopes such as 137Cs raise the intensity of near infrared radiation, while the intensity of visible light and UV correspondingly fall.
Highly intense infrared radiation causing high temperatures in Sun corona was attributed to 235uranium fission taking place on Sun’s core surface (4). Fig.3 explains that the near infrared emission from fission has the lowest energy among solar emissions, so fail to travel great distances and remains in the close vicinity around Sun. Similar situation exists even in collision of neutron stars. Near infra radiation likely remains in space, closely at the site of fission might cause high temperatures.
235Uraniu Fission generates many fission products such 137Cs, 131I, heavier elements than iron barring a few such as isotopes of krypton and Xenon in gaseous state. (Table, 4).
Vemuluru Effect
Normally γ-rays and X-rays with energy at keV or MeV may reach limited distance in space, but travelling millions of km distance from Sun to Earth cannot be explained. The gravitational force in the form of waves heading chain of solar emissions form a link with Earth’s gravity. As a result of Earth’s gravity, gravitational waves gain energy and pulls the rest of solar emissions. Depends upon the gravity of Earth, raise in energy of solar β, γ and X-ray emissions takes place that helps in causing near infrared radiation and visible light. That is how atmosphere and surface of Earth getting heat and Sunlight below 10 km height.
Attraction of solar β, γ and X-ray emissions by gravitational attractive force of planets is termed temporarily as “Vemuluru Effect‟ (6,7).
On the basis of gravitational attraction force, the author has explained earlier that the surface temperatures of Earth (17°C), Venus (457°C), and Mars (-53°C) are not caused by any direct radiation from Sun , but by near infrared radiation caused by solar β, γ and X -ray emissions by Padmanabha Rao Effect (7). Venus has more surface temperature than Mercury, though Mercury is closer to Sun. Similarly Jupiter has more surface temperature than that of Mars, though Mars is closer to Sun (7). Significant variation in surface temperatures of Earth, Venus and Mars was attributed to differences in gravitational attraction forces on solar β, γ and X-ray emissions.
Direction of gravitational force of radiation
Fig. 4. Artistic view of gravitational wave on the top in the direction of motion. Strand like wave on the left represents electrical force, while similar strand like wave on the right represents magnetic force. Electrical force remains on left side (or X-axis) and magnetic force on right side (Y-axis) of an electromagnetic radiation such as X-ray, UV, blue light, red light etc. as well as for the β- particle. Gravitational wave as force would be in the direction of motion (Z-axis) and leads electromagnetic radiation or the β- particle.
In 2015, the author has already postulated on the existence of gravitational force in the direction of propagation of β, γ and X -ray emissions [7]. In clear words, photon and particulate matter including electron have three forces: electrical, magnetic and gravitation forces. When electrical force is considered to be in X-axis, magnetic force falls in the direction of Y-axis, and gravitational force towards Z axis, notably in the direction of motion of radiation. Therefore, when gravitational force of beta, gamma and X-rays is linked to gravitational force of a planet, these radiations are attracted towards planet by gravitational pull. When mass and gravity of a planet are relatively high, its gravitational attraction force attracts these radiations with more force, so they gain more energy, generate intense near infrared radiation and higher surface temperature of the planet.
References:
1. Davide Castelvecchi, Colliding stars spark rush to solve cosmic mysteries, Stellar collision confirms theoretical predictions about the periodic table, Nature | News, 16 October 2017 https://www.nature.com/news/colliding-stars-spark-rush-to-solve-cosmic-mysteries-1.22829
2. M.A.Padmanabha Rao, UV dominant optical emission newly detected from radioisotopes and XRF sources, Braz. J. Phy., 40, no 1, 38¬46, 2010. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-97332010000100007
3. M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Sun’s Bharat Radiation emission causing Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and UV dominant optical radiation, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar– Apr. 2013), PP 56¬60, DOI: 10.9790/4861¬0325660 http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol3-issue2/H0325660.pdf
4. M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Self-Sustained 235U Fission Causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao Effect, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), Volume 4, Issue 2 (Jul. – Aug. 2013), PP 06¬24, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJAP….4b…6R
DOI: 5. 10.9790/4861-0420624
- M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of superluminal velocities of X-¬rays and Bharat Radiation challenging the validity of Einstein’s formula E= mc^2, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), .Volume 4, Issue 4 (Sep. ¬ Oct. 2013), PP 08¬14, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJAP….4d…8R
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http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol4-issue4/B0440814.pdf?id=3522 -
M.A.Padmanabha Rao, All the Sunlight that Earth Receives is not directly from Sun, vol 4, Issue 11, Pages 10,687- 10,700, Nov 2015. DOI: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0411051 https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2015/november/50_6_All_the.pdf
- M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Padmanabha Rao Effect controlling planetary temperatures. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 12, December 2015, 10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0412129,
https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2015/december/129_33_Discovery.pdf
About the author: Dr. M.A.Padmanabha Rao, PhD (A.I.I.M.S)
See: www.scholarpedia.org
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