Increased Carbon Dioxide Levels Lead To Rapid Plankton Growth

Written by Ted Ranosa, Tech Times

Marine scientists have detected a tenfold increase in the population of phytoplankton species in the North Atlantic from 1965 to 2010. The rapid growth rate of the marine microorganisms corresponds with an increase in carbon dioxide levels.   ( Jeff Schmaltz/NASA Earth Observatory | Wikimedia Commons )
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Abnormal levels of carbon dioxide in the North Atlantic are being linked to the rapid growth of plankton population in the ocean over the past 45 years, according to a study featured in the journal Science.

A team of marine researchers, led by associate professor Anand Gnanadesikan of Johns Hopkins University, discovered that the population of microscopic marine alga known as Coccolithophores in the North Atlantic experienced a tenfold increase from 1965 to 2010.

This recent finding contradicts earlier assumptions made by scientists that the phytoplankton would find it difficult to produce plates from calcium carbonate as ocean waters become increasingly more acidic.

http://www.techtimes.com/articles/111718/20151130/increased-carbon-dioxide-levels-lead-to-rapid-plankton-growth-how-this-harms-the-environment.htm

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Sea Ice Declines Boost Arctic Phytoplankton Productivity

Author:  Rebecca Lindsey
A nearly invisible layer of microscopic, plantlike organisms drifts through the surface of the ocean all over the globe, their movements mostly at the whim of ocean currents. When conditions are right, populations of these tiny creatures explode in vast “blooms” that span miles and miles of ocean. Called phytoplankton, they are the base of the entire ocean food web.

Like plants, phytoplankton have chlorophyll to absorb sunlight and use photosynthesis to produce food. In the Arctic Ocean, photosynthesis is frequently limited by the low angle of the winter Sun and short daylight hours, as well as by the blanket of sea ice that melts and refreezes with the changing seasons.

Over the last 30 years, however, the Arctic has warmed, and larger areas of the Arctic Ocean are now free of sea ice in the summer, which means phytoplankton are getting more sunlight. The result is that phytoplankton productivity has increased by about 20 percent based on satellite estimates of the amount of chlorophyll in the water.

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/sea-ice-declines-boost-arctic-phytoplankton-productivity

See also the following:

Microscopic Antarctic phytoplankton ‘will double due to climate change’

ABC News:

Growth of microscopic phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean could double in size in the next 80 years because of climate change, according to scientists. The microscopic organisms form the basis of the entire food web, feeding everything from small fish and krill to giant whales.

Professor Phillip Boyd from the Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) in Hobart has been measuring how changes in conditions affect phytoplankton in a lab setting. He has been using sophisticated modelling to predict changes.

He said oceans are warming because of climate change, and are also absorbing more carbon and become more acidic. Also, nutrient levels are rising and there are changes to the amount of light which penetrates the ocean.

“We designed an experiment where we basically threw the kitchen sink at this phytoplankton species in the lab,” he said.

“We changed the acidity of the ocean, the nutrients supplied, the amount of light and the amount of this trace element iron.

“We found that in a future ocean, in the sub-Antarctic waters our lab experiment showed that the growth rate will be about twice as high as it is at present.” He said the change would mean significant knock-on effects higher in the food chain. “For example the species diatoms are important food for krill and for other species,” he said.

“So you would expect then to see higher levels of productivity and therefore a more productive food web in the future for the sub-Antarctic.”

Results may vary between hemispheres

But the increase in productivity is not likely to extend to oceans in the northern hemisphere. “When we talk about climate change and a changing ocean, the stories are normally very doom and gloom,” Professor Boyd said.

“But really it’s going to be a balance, there will be some regions of the ocean particularly at the higher latitudes where we may see more productivity.“The flip side of that is that from other computer modelling simulations, they’re suggesting that the lower latitudes we may see a decrease in productivity.

“So there may be quite a change from region to region in ocean productivity.”

He said people sometimes attempted these experiments changing only one or two of the conditions likely to be affected by climate change. He warned his findings showed that not modelling all of the forecast changes made for extremely varied results.

“You may get a very different picture,” he said. “For example, in a different experiment published as part of this study we see that if we only change four out of the five properties we get a very different result.

“It looks like a very detrimental affect on phytoplankton.” The findings will be published in the journal Nature: Climate Change today

http://www.lynchpin.org.au/art/microscopic-antarctic-phytoplankton-will-double-due-to-climate-change/

[h/t: Myles]

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Henrik Svensmark: Cosmic Rays, Clouds & Climate Change

Written by Henrik Svensmark, DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark

Now and then new results appear that suggest that the idea of cosmic ray influence on clouds and terrestrial climate does not work. “Sun-clouds-climate connection takes a beating from CERN” is the latest news story which is based on a new paper from the CLOUD collaboration at CERN [1].

It is important to note that the new CLOUD paper is not presenting an experimental result, with respect to the effect of cosmic ray generated ions on clouds, but a result of numerical modeling. CLOUD is using their experimental measurements to estimate the typical nucleation of various aerosols of small size (1-3 nm). However, for an aerosol to affect clouds (and climate) it must first grow to 50-100 nm, to become cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). CLOUD then uses a numerical model to estimate the effect of cosmic rays on the growth process, and finds that the response of cosmic rays on the number of CCN over a solar cycle is insignificant.

svensmark

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Enormous central Andes dome due to huge magma build up

Written by University of California - Santa Cruz

[The Altiplano-Puna plateau in the central Andes features vast plains punctuated by spectacular volcanoes, such as the Lazufre volcanic complex in Chile seen here.Credit: Noah Finnegan
A new analysis of the topography of the central Andes shows the uplifting of Earth’s second highest continental plateau was driven in part by a huge zone of melted rock in the crust, known as a magma body.

The Altiplano-Puna plateau is a high, dry region in the central Andes that includes parts of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, with vast plains punctuated by spectacular volcanoes. In a study published October 25 in Nature Communications, researchers used remote sensing data and topographic modeling techniques to reveal an enormous dome in the plateau.

About 1 kilometer (3,300 feet) high and hundreds of miles across, the dome sits right above the largest active magma body on Earth. The uplifting of the dome is the result of the thickening of the crust due to the injection of magma from below, according to Noah Finnegan, associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz and senior author of the paper.

“The dome is Earth’s response to having this huge low-density magma chamber pumped into the crust,” Finnegan said.

The uplifting of the dome accounts for about one-fifth of the height of the central Andes, said first author Jonathan Perkins, who led the study as a graduate student at UC Santa Cruz and is now at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.

“It’s a large part of the evolution of the Andes that hadn’t been quantified before,” Perkins said.

The other forces uplifting the Andes are tectonic, resulting from the South American continental plate overriding the Nazca oceanic plate. The subduction zone where the Nazca plate dives beneath the western edge of South America is the source of the magma entering the crust and feeding volcanic activity in the region. Water released from the subducting slab of oceanic crust changes the melting temperature of the overlying wedge of mantle rock, causing it to melt and rise into the overriding plate.

Perkins and Finnegan worked with researchers at the University of Arizona who had used seismic imaging to reveal the remarkable size and extent of the Altiplano-Puna magma body in a paper published in 2014. That study detected a huge zone of melted material about 11 kilometers thick and 200 kilometers in diameter, much larger than previous estimates.

“People had known about the magma body, but it had not been quantified that well,” Perkins said. “In the new study, we were able to show a tight spatial coupling between that magma body and this big, kilometer-high dome.”

Based on their topographic analysis and modeling studies, the researchers calculated the amount of melted material in the magma body, yielding an estimate close to the previous calculation based seismic imaging. “This provides a direct and independent verification of the size and extent of the magma body,” Finnegan said. “It shows that you can use topography to learn about deep crustal processes that are hard to quantify, such as the rate of melt production and how much magma was pumped into the crust from below.”

The Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex was one of the most volcanically active places on Earth starting about 10 million years ago, with several super-volcanoes producing massive eruptions and creating a large complex of collapsed calderas in the region. Although no major eruptions have occurred in several thousand years, there are still active volcanoes and geothermal activity in the region. In addition, satellite surveys of surface deformation since the 1990s have shown that uplifting of the surface is continuing to occur at a relatively rapid rate in a few places. At Uturuncu volcano located right in the center of the dome, the uplift is about 1 centimeter (less than half an inch) per year.

“We think the ongoing uplift is from the magma body,” Perkins said. “The jury is still out on exactly what’s causing it, but we don’t think it’s related to a supervolcano.”

The growth of the crust beneath the Altiplano-Puna plateau, driven by the intrusion of magma from below, is a fundamental process in the building of continents. “This is giving us a glimpse into the factory where continents get made,” Perkins said. “These big magmatic systems form during periods called magmatic flare-ups when lots of melt gets injected into Earth’s crust. It’s analogous to the process that created the Sierra Nevada 90 million years ago, but we’re seeing it now in real time.”

In addition to Perkins and Finnegan, the coauthors of the paper include Kevin Ward, George Zandt, and Susan Beck at the University of Arizona and Shanaka de Silva at Oregon State University. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation.


Story Source:

Materials provided by University of California – Santa Cruz. Original written by Tim Stephens. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Jonathan P. Perkins, Kevin M. Ward, Shanaka L. de Silva, George Zandt, Susan L. Beck, Noah J. Finnegan. Surface uplift in the Central Andes driven by growth of the Altiplano Puna Magma Body. Nature Communications, 2016; 7: 13185 DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS13185

 

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Norcia earthquake: Why multiple quakes are hitting Italy

Written by Jonathan Amos

Sunday’s early-morning quake near the town of Norcia is the biggest in Italy since the Magnitude-6.9 Irpinia event in the south of the country in 1980.

Back then, some 2,500 people died and more than 7,000 were injured. Thankfully, we are not expecting loss of life on that scale here.In part this is because of the strides made in recent years in improving readiness and reaction. But the fact that the population of central Italy is currently living on such an acute alert status also will have further limited any dreadful consequences.

We have now seen three Magnitude-6 tremors in Italy’s Apennines region in just three months.

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How Did Life on Earth Begin?

Written by Michael Marshall

How did life begin? There can hardly be a bigger question. For much of human history, almost everyone believed some version of “the gods did it”. Any other explanation was inconceivable.

That is no longer true. Over the last century, a few scientists have tried to figure out how the first life might have sprung up. They have even tried to recreate this Genesis moment in their labs: to create brand-new life from scratch.

So far nobody has managed it, but we have come a long way. Today, many of the scientists studying the origin of life are confident that they are on the right track – and they have the experiments to back up their confidence.

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‘Bionic’ Spinach used to detect explosives

Written by Paul Rincon

Anti-vehicle mineImage copyright: GETTY IMAGES [Scientists have transformed the humble spinach plant into a bomb detector.]

By embedding tiny tubes in the plants’ leaves, they can be made to pick up chemicals called nitro-aromatics, which are found in landmines and buried munitions.

Real-time information can then be wirelessly relayed to a handheld device.

The MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) work is published in the journal Nature Materials.

The scientists implanted nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (tiny cylinders of carbon) into the leaves of the spinach plant. It takes about 10 minutes for the spinach to take up the water into the leaves.

To read the signal, the researchers shine a laser onto the leaf, prompting the embedded nanotubes to emit near-infrared fluorescent light.

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University of Ireland Lab Experiment Further Discredits Greenhouse Gas Theory

Written by PSI staff (H/T Myles)

Laboratory experiment devised by scientists in Ireland appears to demonstrate that the greenhouse gas theory of man-made global warming is wrong.

The theory states that adding more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere causes higher temperatures. But skeptics point to global thermometers that have been flat-lining this century – all despite ever-rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This inconvenient truth, they claim, discredits the greenhouse gas theory (GHE), which is the scientific cornerstone of man-made global warming fears promoted by the United Nations and most western governments.

earth-moon

But now added to the debate comes a simple laboratory experiment developed by scientists in Ireland. This straight-forward test can even be performed by schoolchildren. It is causing a stir insofar as it appears to support the skeptics; it indicates (contrary to what climate scientists tell us) our gaseous atmosphere is likely the most efficient mode of cooling the planet. If correct, this is the exact opposite of the main claim of the GHE which tells us such atmospheric gases keep us “warmer than we would otherwise be.”

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Martian Misery: Is a Ghost Town for You?

Written by Dr Klaus L E Kaiser

As the Daily Mail reports: “SpaceX founder, Elon Musk, wants to send a MILLION people to live in glass domes on Mars within ’40 to 100 years’.” I hope Elon lives long enough to partake of his dreams himself. What better way to get into the (future) history books than “leading the charge” oneself.

Of course, if the current projections as the size of world’s population by the year 2050 are even vaguely realistic, then there will already be close to 5,000 million people in Africa alone. That could then be approximately one third of the world’s population of, perhaps, 15,000 million. From that perspective, a million (more or less) inhabitants on Earth are not going to make a significant difference to the total of the human population on this planet.

mars

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New Paper Claims Hurricanes in the United States Increasing, Data Proves Opposite

Written by Albert Parker

In that alternative reality known as ‘Climate Science’ yet another junk paper gets past peer review. This time edited by Anny Cazenave and quickly getting itself published in the PNAS journal.

Titled “Hurricane Sandy’s flood frequency increasing from year 1800 to 2100,” [1] it opens:

A study estimates the frequency of future Hurricane Sandy-like floods in New York City. The storm surge due to Hurricane Sandy caused flooding nearly 3 m above high tide in New York City in October 2012. The frequency at which such flooding occurs varies with changes in sea level and storm surge climatology, and estimating changes in this frequency over time could be valuable for risk mitigation. Ning Lin and colleagues examined how the frequency of Sandy-level floods in New York City has changed from 1800 to the present, and estimated the frequency of future floods. The authors estimated past sea levels from historical data and future sea levels from probabilistic projections under moderate greenhouse gas emissions. Further, the authors used reanalysis data and global climate models to estimate the current and future frequency and severity of storms.

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“Ozone Hole” hoax a dry run for “global warming”

Written by Dr Tim Ball

ozone

When a plan begins to fail, you either reconsider the plan or double-down by resorting to earlier successful actions.

The climate change argument is failing as evidence shows the science is wrong, all forecasts fail, polls show a lack of public concern and the Paris Climate Conference Agreement is collapsing. However, there is a bigger reason why it all fails…There was no problem in the first place.

However, there is a bigger reason why it all fails…There was no problem in the first place.

As I said years ago, “The Kyoto Protocol is a political solution to a non-existent problem without scientific justification.”

Emails leaked from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in 2009 exposed the corrupt science and forced a Kyoto replacement, the Green Climate Fund.

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When You Hear a Scientist Talk About ‘Peer Review’ You Should Reach For Your Browning

Written by James Delingpole

Donna Laframboise has a great piece in the Spectator – How Many Scientific Papers Just Aren’t True? – about why so much science research these days is bunk because the whole “peer-review” process is broken. She means climate science especially, of course.

Someone should tell the guys at green propaganda site CarbonBrief.

Thousands of peer-reviewed academic papers are published about climate change every year. These articles form the bedrock of climate science, underpinning the assessment reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

And also, enviro-activist Ed Begley Jr who went postal on TV in this mega-rant about the vital importance of “peer-review”

And this smug, simpering tosser, John Oliver.

And so on.

Everyone on the Alarmist side of the argument is forever invoking “consensus” and “peer-review” because the Appeal to Authority is all they’ve got. Their science is tainted beyond redemption and the only hope they’ve got of persuading the world that it’s not is to hide the facts behind barriers of supposed expertise: “You little people cannot possibly be expected to understand these complex matters. Instead you must take on trust the expertise of the climate scientists who have written all these learned papers. And the reason you can take on trust the expertise of their learned papers is that they have been carefully assessed by other climate experts in the process we call ‘peer-review’”.

professor

Except, of course, as Donna Laframboise points out, these papers often haven’t been vetted at all.

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Huffing and puffing over HFCs won’t cut global warming

Written by Christopher Booker

What a wonderful environmental parable is now unfolding around a meeting of 150 countries held last week in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, to discuss an international ban on yet another ‘greenhouse gas’, to aid their wish to halt global warming.

Back in 1987, when there was a huge panic over the hole opening up in the ozone layer over the Antarctic, 197 countries signed the Montreal Protocol, the world’s first major environmental treaty, agreeing to phase out the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in everything from refrigerators to hair-sprays, which were supposedly causing the ozone to disappear.

sky

How far this has actually been responsible for the fact that the ozone hole has recently been shrinking is still a matter of scientific dispute. But CFCs have been widely replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), used in refrigeration and air-conditioning, which, because they are short-lived, were viewed not to be damaging to the ozone layer.

However the penny has finally dropped that these HFCs are even more powerful greenhouse gases than the CFCs. So the Montreal Protocol must now be amended to ban these wicked “pollutants” as soon as possible, not least in light of last December’s Paris agreement that supposedly pledged the world to prevent global temperatures rising by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius.

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3 New Papers: Sun, Cloud Dominating Climate Forcing Since 1980s

Written by Kenneth Richard

According to the IPCC (2007), changes in climate occur as a consequence of variations in the Earth’s radiation budget (solar energy absorbed by versus leaving the surface).  Changes in the Earth’s radiation budget occur for 3 primary reasons; two of those three reasons involve solar forcing.

sun

IPCC AR4:

Global climate is determined by the radiation balance of the planet. There are three fundamental ways the Earth’s radiation balance can change, thereby causing a climate change:

(1)  changing the incoming solar radiation (e.g., by changes in the Earth’s orbit or in the Sun itself),

(2)  changing the fraction of solar radiation that is reflected (this fraction is called the albedo – it can be changed, for example, by changes in cloud cover, small particles called aerosols or land cover), and

(3)   altering the longwave energy radiated back to space (e.g., by changes in greenhouse gas concentrations).

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New Report: Half Government-funded Science ‘Unreliable’

Written by Andrew Follett

Government funding is leading to scientific research that can’t be replicated, according to a new report detailing growing problems in the scientific community.

Published by the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF), the report illustrates how scientific research is susceptible to bias when it is funded by the government and how a considerable number of scientific studies cannot be replicated or reproduced. As a result, government policy based on the research isn’t based on scientific methods and cannot be accepted as fact.

science

“Medical research, psychology, and economics are all in the grip of a ‘reproducibility crisis.’ A pharmaceutical company attempting to confirm the findings of 53 landmark cancer studies was successful in only six instances, a failure rate of 89{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}. ” Donna Laframboise, a journalist who authored the report, said in a statement. “Government policies can’t be considered evidence-based if the evidence on which they depend hasn’t been independently verified, yet the vast majority of academic research is never put to this test.”

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DiCaprio’s ‘Before The Flood’ Drowns in Sea of Green Hypocrisy

Written by Tom Richard

Leonardo DiCaprio claims his new film will illustrate the dangers of climate change. Before the Flood is a new “documentary” that chronicles DiCaprio’s carbon-spewing journey across the planet, where he relies on natural disasters to prove that global warming is occurring and catastrophic.

dicaprio

The Oscar-winning actor speaks to scientists, politicians, and academics who provide dramatic soundbites about man-made global warming, but he fails to include a single quote from the thousands of scientists, politicians, and academics who vehemently disagree with these soundbites.

The United Nations has made frequent use of the Hollywood star in an effort to demonize fossil fuel use. The result? DiCaprio’s new film is something the actor claims will “scare the hell” out of people.

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New study says global warming causing more frigid winters

Written by Thomas Richard

A new study in Nature says #Climate Change may force the polar vortex to dip down more often, triggering bone-chilling winters in Europe and North America. Many of the claims of an overheated Earth dissipate during winter as temperatures plummet and heating bills rise. Yet the authors write that as the Arctic warms and more sea ice melts, additional ocean water is exposed, absorbing the sun’s warmth. snow

The excess warmth then gets released over a longer time period, interrupting the polar vortex and pushing it down into lower latitudes. Sea ice, however, reflects the sun’s rays back into space, causing temperatures to plummet during the winter. That’s what happened in early 2014 and 2015 when Arctic air bullied its way toward more temperate regions.

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