Deep Ocean Mining For Rare Earth Metals
The mining sector has been one of the biggest beneficiaries in the COVID-19 recovery. Several countries’ recovery packages have ignited demand for commodities like copper, iron ore and lithium.
Given that more metals are necessary for electrification and the clean energy transition, many companies are looking at an unexplored market: ocean mining.
Mining of the Deep Sea is still under study but metals are abundant on the seafloor. Reserves are estimated to be worth anywhere from $8 trillion to more than $16 trillion.
Visual Capitalist provides this infographic from Prospector provides a visual overview of the seabed mining process.
Down in the Depths
The most prolific area for ocean mining is the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, between Hawaii and Mexico. Almost 20 international mining companies have contracts to explore the region which spans over 5,000 kilometers.
Most of the metals are found in potato-sized rock-like polymetallic nodules. Millions of years old, the nodules grow by absorbing metals from the seawater, expanding slowly around the core of shell, bone, or rock.
Source: The Pew Charitable Trusts
It is estimated that there are 21 billion tonnes of polymetallic nodules resting on the ocean floor in the CCZ, containing an estimated:
- 6 billion tonnes of manganese
- 226 million tonnes of copper – about 25% of land-based reserves
- 94,000 tonnes of cobalt – about six times as much as current land-based reserves
- 270 million tonnes of nickel – 100 times the annual global nickel production in 2019
Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts are found on the sides of underwater mountain ranges and seamounts. Similar to nodules, these crusts form over millions of years as metal compounds in the water. Roughly 57% of them are located in the Pacific.
Polymetallic sulfide deposits formed after seawater seeps into volcanic rocks can be found along tectonic plate boundaries on the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
How Does Ocean Mining Work?
Extraction of minerals from the seafloor is planned to involve either modified dredging (for nodules), cutting (for massive sulphides and crusts), and transport of the material as a slurry in a riser or basket system to a surface support vessel.
The mineral-bearing material is then processed in a ship (cleaning and dewatering – with the wastewater and sediment being returned to the ocean) and then transferred to a barge for transport to shore where it will be further processed to extract the target metals.
Towards a Greener Future
Growing demand for batteries to power electric cars and store wind and solar energy has driven up the cost of many metals and bolstered the business case for seabed mining.
According to a study published in the Journal of Cleaner Production, producing battery metals from nodules could reduce emissions of CO² by 70-75 percent, cut land use by 94 percent and eliminate 100 percent of solid waste.
Here is a look at how ocean and land mining compares:
Source: The Metals Company
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has so far approved 28 exploration contracts in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, covering 1.3 million square kilometers of the ocean floor.
With many companies turning their eyes to the unexplored riches of the ocean, seabed mining could offer a wealth of untapped minerals on the ocean floor.
See more here: zerohedge.com
Header image: Pinterest
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DeadHeartDiary
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“According to a study published in the Journal of Cleaner Production, producing battery metals from nodules could reduce emissions of CO² by 70-75 percent, cut land use by 94 percent and eliminate 100 percent of solid waste.”
Uhm, no. It’s the same, maybe even worse, just swept under the carpet. Easier to “explain away”. The problem itself, is excess industry. Not energy need, energy greed. Hegemony, exploitation. No matter what method you try peddle. That’s what industry is.
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DeadHeartDiary
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But hey, they’re going to be wiped out so it’s not really my concern.
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Carbon Bigfoot
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https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/TAI-Infographic-Methane.pdf
This is better alternative and more beneficial energy source very much promoted by Art Robinson, PhD of OISM.org and Access to Energy publisher.
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Jerry Krause
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Hi PSI Readers,
Some time in 1970 or 1971 I interviewed with a company (Deep Sea Ventures) which had a proven technology to mine these nodules from the deep ocean. And I learned that Howard Hughes had developed a different technology to do the same.
The reason it was not being done commercially at that time is the legal question: Who owns these nodules??? Which, to my knowledge still is the reason that this commercial enterprise has yet to be tried.
So, this comment is merely to inform you that the mining of these nodules is not a new idea.
However, as a chemist, I must add that RARE EARTH METALS is a class of elemental metals which does not include the elemental metals: COPPER, IRON, LITHIUM.
Have a good day, Jerry
copper, iron ore and lithium.
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