A Constant Universe – Section One

Written by Robert A. Beatty BE (Minerals) FAusIMM(CP) on March 23, 2018. Posted in Current News

ABSTRACT: The cause of gravity and its relationship to the formation of the Universe is explored together with a possible relationship between our nearest Black Hole, and Earth.

Keywords: Big Bang, Steady State, Gravity Waves, Kruskal Szerkeres, electromagnetic momentum, Gravimass, Gravispheres, Planck constant, Hubble Telescope, positrons, electromagnetic force, universal gravitation constant, Mid Atlantic Ridge, Katla eruption, Maunder Minimum, Dalton Minimum, Expanding Earth.

1          INTRODUCTION

This treatise is presented as a short series designed to stimulate new ideas which may answer some of the many conundrums surrounding our knowledge of the Universe. The keyword selection covers the series rather than just this edition, but provides some idea of the overall direction.

In presenting this series I am conscious of advice given to Stephen Hawking:[1] “Early in 1983, Hawking first approached Simon Mitton, the editor in charge of astronomy books at Cambridge University Press, with his ideas for a popular book on cosmology. Mitton was doubtful about all the equations in the draft manuscript, which he felt would put off the buyers in airport bookshops that Hawking wished to reach. With some difficulty, he persuaded Hawking to drop all but one equation.[4] The author himself notes in the book’s acknowledgements that he was warned that for every equation in the book, the readership would be halved, hence it includes only a single equation: E = mc². The book does employ a number of complex models, diagrams, and other illustrations to detail some of the concepts it explores.” I will attempt to follow this advice, but probably not as exclusively as discussed here.

The Big Bang Theory is currently accepted as the most plausible explanation of the start to our Universe. An alternative theory “Steady State” was extensively argued in mid20th century[2], but failed through a lack of supporting evidence. “Big Bang” finally gained wide acceptance throughout the scientific community.

Notwithstanding this general acceptance, there remain some significant problems with this theory including:

• Galaxies appear to be moving apart, which conflicts with our understanding of gravitational attraction.
• The start point involves elements of time, mass, and energy which are generally incomprehensible.
• The concept of “Dark Matter”[3] is inferred to explain astronomical sightings of visible matter, but remains a hypothetical construct.
• Our understanding of gravity, both strong and weak is quite deficient, yet gravity must represent a critical element for understanding any universe evolution theory.

Perhaps it is time to have another look at the Steady State theory with the aid of more recent information, or information presented in a different way.

Other PSI authors have questioned the Big Bang theory, or basic elements of it including recent articles by Raymond HV Gallucci:-

Gravitational Cosmic Redshift with Variable Light Speed

A Possible Anomaly in Galactic Recessional Speed Alleged to Increase with Universal Distance

Who Needs Dark Matter? Is the Galactic Rotation Anomaly an Optical Illusion?

Questioning the Cosmological Doppler Red-Shift

by Robert Beatty:-

GRAVISPHERERS: What’s the matter with Dark Matter? 

This ‘A Constant Universe’ series considers various issues from a ‘back to basics’ aspect, and attempts to answer, or provide alternative explanations for some of the unknowns along the way. The broad finding is that our universe is in a state of continuous cycling between various forms of energy and mass.

We start with a general understanding of the Big Bang Theory.

2          THE BIG BANG THEORY

Therefore by reversing the process, constellations must have logically originated at a point in space as a very compact mass. This became unstable, and exploded in a Big Bang event – the evidence for which is still visible in the universe today as background radiation, shown at (Figure 1.)[4]

This reminds me of standing at a conveyor loading point and watching the conveyor belt continuously moving away (Figure 2.)

We are assuming here that our observer is not familiar with a conveyor operation and is not aware that there is also a return belt which is out of sight.

3          THE UBIQUITOUS BLACK HOLE

Notwithstanding recent PSI publications regarding the Electric Universe Theory,[5] it seems EU theory has yet to reach a stage of general acceptance, and this treatise will assume the common view of a Black Hole operation which involves digestion and reallocation of incoming mass.

Black Holes seem to be a well-accepted part of cosmology, even though studying them is difficult because they are seen by inference rather than directly. The most notable evidence is the motion of dust and stars near a Black Hole, which circle ever closer before disappearing into what is evidently a region of very high gravitational force.

There is also a big difference in the size of Black Holes, with the largest ones appearing to be in the centre of some galaxies.

Other evidence for Black Holes includes an occasional mega beam of light which seems to originate from the poles of a Black Hole, as seen through the Hubble telescope (Figure 3.)

Of particular interest in ‘A Constant Universe’ is the binary star system 1A 0620-00 which is a binary star system in the constellation of Monoceros.[6] “A0620-00 consists of two objects. The first object is a K-type main-sequence star with a spectral type of K5 V.^[2] The second object cannot be seen, but based on its calculated mass of 6.6 M_☉,^[2] it is too massive to be a neutron star and must therefore be a stellar-mass black hole.^[4] At a distance of about roughly 3,300 light-years (1,000 parsecs) away, this would make A0620-00 the nearest black hole to the Solar System.”

This black hole (now referred to as V616) is particularly interesting because the twin start associated with it is visible and orbiting in a fashion which indicates it is being influenced by a very strong associated gravitational force.

Interim Conclusion:

• If the constellations are moving apart at whatever speed, and are simultaneously being replaced by some mass derived from energy, this could provide another explanation for the evolution of the universe, which does not involve a big bang explanation.
• The evidence for the existence of black holes is strong given the apparent gravitational effects and the Hubble discovery of issuing rays coming from black hole regions.
• It is apparent that the force of gravity varies widely throughout the universe.
• V616 is likely to be involved if black holes have any influence on our solar system.

In Section Two we will look at how warped is space/time, colliding particles, and Newton’s law of universal gravitation.

Contact the author: [email protected]

References:

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time

[2] “Steady State theory”. BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2015. “The Steady State theorists’ ideas are largely discredited today…”

[3] National Geographic October 2015 Dark Matter Image by Tom Abel and Ralf Kaehler, Stanford Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology

[4] NASA WMAP colour-enhanced picture of cosmic microwave background radiation – colours indicate warmer – red – and cooler – blue – spots

[5] https://principia-scientific.com/electromagnetic-gravity-examination-of-the-electric-universe-theory/

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A0620-00

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